Concepts of leadership and management Essay

Describe how the concepts of leadership and management differ from each other. In what areas do they overlap? Explain how the goals of management and leadership may sometimes overlap. As a nurse leader, do you believe you can expand your influence to create change by taking advantage of this overlap? Explain your answer. Management includes organization, planning, staffing, directing, and controlling. Management must optimize patient care and be fiscally responsible. Leader’s may not have an official role of authority, but may have the power through their ability to influence others. Leaders focus on interpersonal relationships, and may be known as mentors, coaches, advocates, or role models (Grand Canyon University, 2015). Both roles need to be able to influence through their motivation, morals, and values. Both need to be visionary thinkers. They need to need to have good conflict resolution skills and cope with multiple priorities. One way to expand influence as a leader is to do the right thing and doing things right. As a nurse leader it is important to implement critical thinking skills, active listening skills, and good coping skills. These skills are essential in the high stress high paced environments in the acute settings. Some ways to make a difference in our profession are to become politically aware and active, read professional journals, and attend continuing education offerings relevant to our practice (Nursestogether.com, 2015). References: Grand Canyon University, 2015. GCU Lecture notes: Theories and Concepts in Leadership and Management. Retrieved from: https://lc-ugrad1.gcu.edu/learningPlatform/user/users.html?token=P%2fA5aEkSE%2btyPV%2b9QYwh7V2uGjVT%2bkYk3HRqY4ZFPI4zSL5kU8MwEz45uvAbV6%2b5&operation=home&classId=1611349#/learningPlatform/loudBooks/loudbooks.html?currentTopicname=Theories and Concepts in Leadership and Management&viewPage=current&operation=innerPage&topicMaterialId=4fd5f5a2-d5db-4281-9424-cc584e89432c&contentId=64b5ef5b-8ad6-4e5d-a9fd-426a40c2b7d6&

Army. the Military Accountability

The importance of accountability. In the military accountability is very important. Your NCOs need to keep accountability at all times, the need to know where you are going to be so they find you in case you have formations, or something else important comes up. If you are not accounted for and your NCO does not know where you are a lot of things could happen as far as being listed as AWOL. You could get in so much trouble over being in a AWOL status like an article 15 or worse, prison time. Accountability is also very important during deployments. Being deployed is a serious situation. Anything could happen out there. Your NCO must know where you are at all times. It’s a serious issue when someone is not accounted for while deployed. If you come up unaccounted for the company will need all personnel for one hundred percent accountability. If that missing person still doesn’t show. He or she is listed as AWOL and a search occurs. Now, most cases the soldier just didn’t let their NCO know where he or she was. In other cases the soldier was having life issues and couldn’t handle it anymore. When you are found consequences will occur such as an article 15 which includes extra duty, loss of pay and loss of rank. Some people like myself can’t afford for this to happen as most of us have families. Formations are one way to keep accountability. You may have three formations a day. One for the rising of the flag, one before starting your work day and one at the end of the day and lowering of the flag. If you are not there this could happen lited above, or a negative counseling statement. It is also important because it tells the unit commanders how many personnel are available to perform certain tasks. If a leader does not know how many troops are available then he/she will not know who is available to do what. Being accountable means being dependable, arriving to work, and appointments on time, meeting deadlines, being in the right place at the right time, and doing the right things at all times even when no one is looking. Being accountable also includes being in the right uniform, and having all necessary equipment, gear, and documents that you might need for that day in order to accomplish that days mission. The importance of accountability, are being on time and in the right uniform. The main reason we have formations and that we are trying to keep account of personnel to know where everybody is at, at all times. accountability is the most important asset here for work. In doing so it makes sure that everybody is on the same page at the same time in order to do that you have to follow orders that were given to you.

Operations Management in Insurance Sector

Operations Management in INSURANCE SECTOR Q. How to measure operational efficiency in service industry? Ans-Insurance companies use KPI indicators to measure operational efficiency and ensure optimum standards. The secret to success for an insurance company is providing the right product, having the right people selling and managing risks associated with it. Insurance organizations use and act on metrics to avoid unnecessary risks. Following are the Key Performance Indicators (KPI) that insurance companies use to measure operational efficiency.Policy Sales Growth Ratio It measures policy sales growth over a set period of time. It is increase in the number of clients over a specified period. It is helpful to gain insights into policy sales trend. The higher this percentage, the better it is. Policy Sales Growth = (Current period sales revenue – previous period sales revenue)/previous period sales revenue Claims Ratio It is defined by claims in a period divided by earned premium in the period. It helps to know the risk of claims and effectiveness of the policy.The ratio needs to be analyzed carefully to understand the risk associated. A higher ratio indicates too many claims compared to premiums and it isn’t good for the company. A lower ratio may indicate difficulty claiming which would lead to customer dissatisfaction. Claims Ratio = Total claims per period/Total earned premiums per period Percentage of Total Lapses It measures the total number of missed payments in a period compared with the policies sold. It helps in understanding why lapses are occurring and stop them from occurring at a high frequency. Read also Exam Operations ManagementA high percentage might be because of inefficient operations such as problems in the payment process. A company constantly improves its operations to decrease the percentage of lapses in each period. Percentage of Total Lapses = Lapses/Policies Sold Average Time to Settle a Claim It measures the time it takes settle claims. A decreasing trend is favorable. Lower time to settle the claim defines higher operational efficiency of the company. Average Time to Settle a Claim = Total no. of days taken to settle all claims/ Total claims Quotas vs.Production It measures the effectiveness of sellers and agents at meeting their targets. It helps in identifying when target sales are below and taking corrective action. A ratio below 1 means targets is not being met. A higher than 1 ratio means brokers are exceeding the target and it is favorable for the organization. Quotas vs. Production = Total Rs. Quoted Business/Total Revenue Top Brokers in Sales Revenue I t ranks brokers based on sales revenue and no. of policies sold. It helps to identify top performers for each category of policies.It also helps to improve the performance of brokers who are lacking behind. Top Brokers in Sales Revenue = Rank top 3 or 10 brokers based on sales revenue Total Benefits as a percentage of premium It is an indicator of financial performance. This measure helps in pricing of insurance policies. It helps to know the risk factors associated with each policy and set fair premiums. Total paid benefits as a percentage of premium = Total paid benefits/Total premium earned Q. How to ensure quality in service business and how to enhance quality in service sector?Ans-There are several ways to ensure and enhance the quality of an insurance company. These are listed below. †¢Six Sigma concepts can be implemented to ensure quality and conform to consumer needs. Six Sigma concepts make use of statistical tools which makes measurement of results easier. †¢Div iding the company into departments based on different categories of insurance such as separate departments for car insurance and health insurance. This would provide better understanding of which categories of insurance should be improved by the company. Deciding on the maximum time to settle an insurance claim. This would allow to improve service and quality of claim processes as claims would be settled more quickly. †¢Online information should be used to provide policy holders with accounts that provide updated information regarding their claims and premium payments. †¢Insurance companies can get into an strategic partnership with mobile banking providers so that customers can pay their premiums through mobile banking †¢A chart showing the updated rankings of brokers should be available to all brokers.This would increase competition and let the brokers know how much they are lacking behind others. †¢Incentives for top performing brokers should also be announced in advance to keep the motivation level high throughout and improve services. †¢Regular training programs should be conducted for brokers in order to increase their marketing and selling skills †¢A complaint center should be established in the premises to deal with the complaints received from customers. The complaints should be discussed and a corrective action plan should be develop to deal with problem.The action plan should be implemented and results must be analyzed †¢A maximum time to act on a complaint should be decided within that time the department has to act on the complaint. The corrective action taken should be documented and implemented within the specified time †¢External benchmarking with other insurance companies might also be helpful in identifying short comings and improving services †¢Define to brokers the criteria of quality customer interaction and to led them act on it

E commerce Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

E commerce - Essay Example The business being conducted on the Internet which is now called ‘Electronic Commerce’ has a remarkable history. The continuous research and development has enables corporate organizations to reconstruct their business strategies. The integration of electronic commerce applications lays the foundation in the organization’s digital business process. This report will display the micromanagement and implementation of the current e commerce technologies in to current businesses. The purpose is to analyze the methodologies and processes required for integrating electronic commerce applications. The organization which is preferred in this report is Tesco PLC. The focus will be on the CRM of Tesco that is envy of many (BrandingAsia.com). Description of company The origin of Tesco was started in 1919 when Jack Cohen started selling groceries from the stall in London. Since then Tesco has claimed itself as one of the leading food and grocery retailers in the world and has over 2000 store worldwide. It was rewarded to adopt award winning online strategy (Award-winning online strategy for Tesco. 2009). ... ding grid which is a global B2B E-Commerce and integration service to enables the real-time flow of information linking businesses in spite of technical capability, standards preferences, spoken language or geographic location (, GXS - Products - Trading Grid Overview ). The elements consist of diversification of stores in new areas with new services and products. In 2000, Tesco was representing only 8% of the global gross domestic product (GDP). As 65% operations of Tesco selling space are dispersed across the globe representing 53% of GDP. In 1997 the international business generated 1.8% profits. In 2010 the profit grew to 22% which is a remarkable achievement. The organizations recorded revenues till February 2010 were $ 5,494.1 million. The stores are dispersed in Europe, Asia and the Unites States. The geographically dispersed locations of Tesco stores are shown in Fig 1.1. Tesco currently has 472,000 employees. For achieving customer loyalty, Tesco is focusing on maintaining a business model by value added retailing. In spite the recession, Tesco was able to meet customer satisfaction by launching schemes for instance double points, Club cards, Discount brands, Market Value and finest collection ready meals. By implementing the value added retailing, the sales figures were immaculate also changing customer behaviour. In a low growth market this strategy was a successful one for Tesco (DATAMONITOR: Tesco PLC. 2010). FIG 1.1(Wikipedia contributors) Tesco as an international retailer included a variety of non food merchandise in an effective way and represent itself with a variety of products, not just a grocery store. Category types of stores include Tesco Extra, Tesco Superstores, Tesco Metro, Tesco Express, One Stop and Tesco Home plus. The organization

Change Management of People Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Change Management of People - Case Study Example Thus, from this point of view use of 3rd party option would provide them high level of software development expertise and application domain expertise. Though, they are from outside of the company they lacked the local company related knowledge. 2.0 Major Problems Encountered During the Selection and Implementation Phases of the Project Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) system at present situation is in huge demand by both manufacturing as well as service organizations since they provide a strong integrated result to the information system as organization needs. With ERP package an employee can be able to run their company with a single system which can incorporate the whole business process and can make an enterprise-wide view of major corporate information. ERP software is a set of functions that connect various systems in an organization such as manufacturing, sales force, human resources, financial, data warehousing and document management. It also helps the organizations to han dle task which may include order processing along with production scheduling. Companies experience huge challenges and problems at selection as well as implementation of the all stages of ERP system life cycle (Almahdi, â€Å"Introduction†). The Chief Executive Officer of Power IT decided to implement ERP system in the organization by purchasing it from the third party vendor. The staffs were not able to develop such software due to lack of domain knowledge. Thus, through tendering process the software was acquired. For the selection process the CEO, financial director and business development manager need to undergo various selection processes. An invitation was sent to the potential stakeholder by the business development manager. The tender was then reviewed properly by comparing it to the major requirements of the system and three vendors were selected. They again made presentation about the product to Power IT and desired vendors got the contract. The process of implemen ting the software throughout the organization was discussed with the vendor. Regardless of the major benefits that ERP software packages provide in incorporating and managing multi-functional procedures of business, there are several problems and barriers that can be related to such an implementation. The most important challenge is to amalgamate existing legacy method and function with the ERP system in an attempt to provide a common interface. Moreover, implementation of ERP systems is intricate, challenging, high-priced project and time consuming for every organization. The difficulties of ERP implementation assist to plan in a better way and facilitate more successful ERP implementation. The different barriers that can be raised during implementation of ERP system are organizational, technical and managerial barrier (Almahdi, â€Å"Barriers and Difficulties of ERP Implementation†). 3.0 Problems Encountered After Implementation ERP system was implemented in order to fulfil l the requirements of the business. However, after eight months of using this system it was found that the system was not performing well and it was not meeting the business

The IMF and the World Bank Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The IMF and the World Bank - Essay Example It is main goal was to help in reconstructing the international payment system of the world after World War II to address problems of the Great depression. As global economic institution, members of IMF could draw fund to improve or maintain economic activity in crises periods. IMF was to make sure that the borrowing countries could repay the debts on time. The financial operation of IMF started in 1947 and May the same year France borrowed fund as the first country (Felix. 2010). Over the years, many countries have joined IMF especially after attaining political independence to improve international trade and economic stability. These countries have greatly benefited from IMF especially on economic matters. The system of Bretton woods prevailed until when the government of US suspended the convertibility of the dollar and its reserve in other states into gold in 1971. In 2010 and 2011, IMF participated in the Greek bailout amounting to â‚ ¬110 billion and â‚ ¬100 billion respectively. The purposes of IMF and World Bank are closely related. The IMF focuses to foster the growth and stability of its members’ economy by lending fund. It offers policy advice and finances the economic difficulties of its members. It also works together with developing nations to assist them accomplish macroeconomic stability as well as reduce poverty. Further, the IMF helps the member states to achieve the external balance of payments. It also oversees the fixed exchange rates of its members and advises them accordingly to prioritise economic growth. The IMF gives emergency assistance to its members that face urgent needs of balance of payment in accordance to the Rapid Financing Instrument lately introduced. The World Bank gives loan at low interest rate and grants to developing countries to invest in health, education and infrastructure. Its major goal is to bridge the economic gap between rich and poor countries. It aims at reducing poverty in poor countries at the

Finding the Right College Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Finding the Right College - Essay Example The college provides various scholarships and grants that rate up to $10,000 a year. Hence my yearly college expense will be around $114,492. However, considering the high boarding charges, staying at home would reduce my yearly expenses by $11,780. Though the cost seems to be pretty high, a degree from a reputed institution would lead to a great future. Considering the value of a degree obtained from New York University, several openings are available all around the US. Being a graduate in Statistics, I have the choice of entering into medical research, business research or financial accounting. For a career in Statistics, the salary package ranges from $29,000 - $197,000. I have mentioned a few concerns that offer glossy salary: Smith Hanley Consulting Group, PharmaNet, ClinForce, McGrath Systems and Robert Half Finance & Accounting U.S. For a Statistician/Statistical Programmer at Smith Hanley Consulting Group and PharmaNet, the pay ranges from $50,000 - $70,000 per year. Being a biostatistician at ClinForce, I would eventually receive $65,000 in a short span. Hence staying at home, I would be able to pay my loan in a 10-year span with this salary. I could even consider being placed at McGrath Systems and Robert Half Finance & Accounting U.S.as Cost Research Analyst or Accountant. The pay ranges from $40,000 - $50,000 per year. All the jobs may enable me to pay back the loan in a 20-year plan if I consider staying at my relative’s residence during college. With research, I have found that acquiring just a degree in Statistics would not help me to land up in such high profile jobs.  

Evangelicalism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Evangelicalism - Essay Example The term means, in it simplest denotation, pertaining to the evangel, which is the Christian gospel, or good news, that God redeems sinful humanity through His son, Jesus Christ. Evangelicals have stressed that people find salvation only through personal faith in Christ's atoning death and through the life-transforming power of the Holy Spirit. They find these views to be the central theme of the Bible, which they hold to be divinely inspired and the ultimate authority for their Christian faith and practice The label "Evangelical" also denotes these Christians' commitment to proclaim this gospel to others by word and deed. 1 Variations time and place have nuanced the term's meaning and usage, and loaded it with much historic freight. The "Evangelical" label was first used by the churches of the Lutheran Reformation in the sixteenth century, but it gained wider currency during the widespread revivals of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, when "Evangelical" became the common label for movements of spiritual renewal and evangelistic outreach within Protestantism. This generic understanding of "Evangelical" also makes it an appropriate label for contemporary Biblicist and charismatic movements within the Roman Catholic Church. In late twentieth-century usage, "Evangelical" also frequently connotes "conservative," in that the Evangelical movements and traditions have opposed theological li... Evangelical Christianity also has made rapid strides outside of the North Atlantic region, especially in the past twenty-five years. Religious statisticians claim that half of the world's Evangelicals now reside in the so-called Third World, and they project that by the year 2000, three-fourths will be from these regions. In Africa, for example, conversions and church-planting are projected to give that continent more Christians than North America by the turn of the next century. In parts of East Asia as well, notably in China and Indonesia, Evangelicals account for most of the recent dynamism Christianity has shown. In Latin America, where conversion to Evangelical Christianity outpaces the birthrate, Pentecostalism is the fastest growing alternative to traditional Roman Catholicism. Even in Europe, where the Christian inheritance of the Middle Ages, the Reformation, and the pietist/evangelical revivals of prior centuries has waned very rapidly, fresh renewal movements have begun an d are struggling against the secular tide. Because of these worldwide trends, students of religion have been scrambling to understand the history, character, and current thrust of the varied family of movements and traditions known as Evangelicalism. In the United States, where Evangelical revivalism was the dominant religious persuasion in the nineteenth century, a harvest of scholarship on religion in the Early Republic has appeared in the last twenty years, and it has underscored an important message: to know American Evangelicals is to know a great deal about the heart and soul of nineteenth-century America. 2 Thereafter, Evangelical Christianity began to lose its cultural dominance in the United States, and it

Public health Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 12

Public health - Essay Example It would monitor continuously by setting measurable goals at all levels of national, state and local bodies. Its mission is also to incorporate the help of various government and non-government agencies for inputs to improve its policies and practices. It would also encourage research and data collection to improve and innovate healthcare deliverables. Healthy People 2010 had mainly focused on eliminating disparities in healthcare delivery and improvement of health of all its citizens irrespective of race, class, culture and color. Vulnerable segment had become vital area of focus. The program’s major objective was to increase quality of life along with increased life expectancy. The risk reductions and creating awareness for preventive measures was critical aspect of the program. It was also a collaborative effort with focus on research and development in the area. Healthy People 2020, on the other hand, emphasizes elimination of disparities in healthcare deliverable by improving social and physical environment and promote equity and health for all people. Promoting healthy behavior and lifestyle changes are important aspects of the program that are thought to be critical ingredient for improving quality of life in old age. (words:

Women in Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Women in - Essay Example In 1932 Woolf wrote her own innovative tome: â€Å"The Pargiter An article based upon a essay thesis interpreted to the public civilization for women’s service.† This work was available by 1937. The treatise written at this juncture ponders on that Victorian phantom also identified as the â€Å"seraph in the domicile† (scrounged from Coventry Patmore’s couplet celebrating domestic bliss). Namely, this is an altruistic, forfeitable lady in the nineteenth era whose solitary principle in life was to pacify, to compliment, and to console the men of the planet. Virginia Woolf next wrote, â€Å"Killing the Angel in the House,† This book featured betrothed in a lethal clash for mutual and monetary parity. When her secretary requested Virginia Woolf disembark, she was enlightened that her culture was bothered with the service of women. She recommended that she might tell them something regarding her individual proficiency practices. It is factual she is a w oman and also right that she is employed; but what certified skills did she have? This was extremely hard to articulate. Her occupation is writing and with that aim of work there are smaller amount of jobs for women than in any supplementary profession. Many legendary women and numerous unfamiliar women had come before her however; giving her opportunities that weren’t there before. Therefore, when she came to write, there were fewer impediments to her approach than there might have been in past eras. Writing was a decent and risk-free career. The scuff of a pen did not wreck the family serenity. No command was made upon the family incentive. One could purchase a paper costing ten and six pence that was sufficient to inscribe all the plays of Shakespeare. Pianos and models, Paris, Vienna and Berlin, masters and mistresses, were not necessities by a writer. The shoddiness of inscribing a paper was obviously

Con side of John McCain's healthcare plan for Economic class Essay

Con side of John McCain's healthcare plan for Economic class - Essay Example This sounds like pie in the sky rhetoric to many economists. Insurance companies are driven by competition; therefore they act in their own self-interest. The interest of the insurance company is to insure as many healthy people as possible so they dont need to respond to insurance claims from the insured. Covering someone with a pre-existing condition, such as cancer is not in the best interest of the insurance company, no matter how much competition is introduced into the industry (Krugman). Also troubling is McCains ideological methodology for implementing increased competition, namely, decreased regulation. During the height of the campaign to be elected president, John McCain published an article in a magazine called Contingencies, which is published by the American Academy of Actuaries. McCain actually writes in the article that he would follow a similar course in deregulating the health care sector of the economy in much the same manner as we have deregulated the financial sector. Having the article published in the midst of the Wall Street meltdown makes McCains anti-regulation ideology seem dated and out of touch (Balz). After the Wall Street meltdown and the catastrophic failure of the market to regulate itself, proposing a free market solution to health care simply because it introduces competition sounds naà ¯ve, economically

Chemicals in Food Essay Example for Free

Chemicals in Food Essay Those hard-to-pronounce chemicals that are in the list of ingredients on the label are used for more than just flavoring, appearance, and preserving the food (Food Additives). Those additives are used in some other very harsh items such as bug repellent (Food Additives). However, there are some simple and sustainable options that can help consumers avoid running into harsh chemicals and additives that may be lurking in their food. These changes will not only help them make healthier and safer choices, but also help them to save some money in the long run. Many unanswered questions will be addressed within this paper such as: What are the hormones in some of the foods such as dairy and meat and what exactly are they used for? How do they affect us? What can consumers do to avoid purchasing these items? How can one avoid unsafe drinking water and are additives really that bad? According to Credit Loan, Americans consume on average 110 pounds of red meat a year, 600. 5 pounds of dairy products (not including cheese), and 31. 4 pounds of cheese a year (Food Consumption in America). The common theme here is that all of these food groups come from cows. It is not, however, that we are eating cattle and beef, but what that cattle is being fed into its body. â€Å"In 2005, 32. 5 million cattle were slaughtered to provide beef for U. S. consumers. Scientists believe about two-thirds of American cattle raised in for slaughter today are injected with hormones to make them grow faster (Sustainable Table). † This does not include hormones used for the increased production of dairy/milk. With just beef alone, there are six natural and artificial hormones that are injected into cattle and they include: Oestradiol, Progesterone and Testosterone (these are natural occurring hormones). Then there are Zeranol, Trenbolone and Melengestrol (these are artificial hormones) (Sustainable Table). Although there has not been any significant case studies done on these hormones, scientists believe that these hormones pose some threats to human health. â€Å"The Committee [European Union’s Scientific Committee on Veterinary Measures Relating to Public Health] also question whether hormones residues in the meat of ‘growth enhanced’ animals can disrupt human hormone balance, causing developmental problems, interfering with the reproductive system, and even leading to the development of breast, prostate or colon cancer (Sustainable Table). Scientists also believe that those at the greatest risk are children, women who are pregnant and unborn babies (Sustainable Table). â€Å"Hormone residues in beef have been implicated in the early onset of puberty of girls, which could put them at greater risk of developing breast and other forms of cancer† (Sustainable Table). However, health risk of humans is not the only factor. Aquatic ecosystems are being greatly affected by hormone residue in the manure of cows by contaminating run-off and groundwater. Recent studies have demonstrated that exposure to hormones has a substantial effect on the gender and reproductive capacity of fish, throwing off the natural life cycle† (Sustainable Table). The United States and Canada, however, continue to allow the growth hormones to be injected. The European Union does not, and they strictly prohibit trade with the U. S. and Canada on hormone-treated beef. Injecting growth hormones into cattle is not the only kind of hormone they are being given either. RBGH is a hormone that gets injected into cattle for an increase production of milk. Developed and Manufactured by Monsanto Corporation, this genetically engineered hormone forces cows to artificially increase milk production by 10 to 15 percent† (Sustainable Table). The natural hormone for growth and lactation is Bovine Somatotropin. When it is man-made it is known as rBST or better known as rBGH. â€Å"Approximately 17% of all cows in the US are given the artificial growth hormone† (Sustainable Table). FDA approved the drug in 1993. However, â€Å"According to opponents of the drug, effects of rBGH were never properly studied,† (Sustainable Table). RBGH poses many health risks to the cows and what is effecting the cows, could quite possibly effect us. â€Å"Problems included an alarming rise in the number of deformed claves and dramatic increases in mastitis, a painful bacterial infection of the udder which causes inflammation, swelling, and pus and blood secretions into milk† (Sustainable Table). IGF-1 (Insulin Growth Factor-1) is a naturally occurring hormone in human bodies. It is also is in rBGH. â€Å"Humans also naturally have IGF-1, and increased levels in humans have been linked to colon and breast cancer† (Sustainable Table). America consumes about 31. 4 pounds of cheese every year, along with 600. 5 pounds of other dairy products (Food Consumption in America). â€Å"In 2006, the United States dairy industry produced over 20 billion gallons of milk. This milk is pasteurized and sold, or transformed into cheese, butter, cream, and ice cream for consumers in the U. S. and around the world† (Sustainable Table). However, it was never this simple. Back in the 1700’s milk was not a familiar drink and was not studied enough. The conditions under which the milk and the cows were kept were not clean. There was no form of refrigeration and insects could easily be accessible to milk that was left out (Sustainable Table). It was not until the end of the 19th century when pasteurization was invented (Sustainable Table). Pasteurization means â€Å"to expose (a food, as milk, cheese, yogurt, beer, or wine) to an elevated temperature for a period of time sufficient to destroy certain microorganisms, as those that can produce disease or cause spoilage or undesirable fermentation of food, without radically altering taste or quality† (Dictionary). However, this may not be enough. Farmers are continuing to use the rBGH, antibiotics, and high-concentrated feed for the increase production of milk (Sustainable Table). In a way, it is benefitting the consumer. By injecting these artificial hormones, the cows are producing almost four times as much milk as they previously were, in turn, is cutting down the cost of milk and other dairy products (Sustainable Table). â€Å"The biggest fear surrounding this breeding technique is the eventual inability to ward off viruses or mutation in the dairy cow’s DNA chain, resulting in rapid spread of disease and possible death† (Sustainable Table). Because of the growing concern of all the use of artificial hormone, slowly, more dairies are turning to organic. â€Å"While organic milk makes up only 1% of the dairy market, demand has increased 477% between 1997 and 2003† (Sustainable Table). Hopefully, the trend continues to increase so the food becomes less processed and more natural at healthy level. For the most part, Americans include water in their daily diet somehow during the day. Whether it is rinsing their mouths out from brushing their teeth, drinking water, or using it to swallow down a pill, water is a part of most people’s life style. However, it is not as clean as most people would think. A team of researchers out of Washington State has found traces of illicit drugs, hormones, and cooking spices in drinking water. The team found that certain spices â€Å"spike during the holidays. â€Å"For instance, thyme and sage spike during Thanksgiving, cinnamon surges all winter, chocolate and vanilla show up during the weekends (presumably from party-related goodies), and waffle cone and caramel-corn remnants skyrocket around the Fourth of July† (Cocaine, Spices, Hormones Found in Drinking Water). But as stated earlier, harmless Cooking spices are not the only traces of remnants in drinking water being found/. â€Å"Around the world, scientists are finding trace amounts of substances-from sugar and spice to heroin, rocket fuel, and birth control-that might be having unintended consequences for humans and wildlife alike† (Drinking Water). One may be wondering how drugs get into the drinking water system. â€Å"After a person has taken drugs such as cocaine, heroin, marijuana, and ecstasy, active byproducts of these substances are released into the sewage stream through that person’s urine and feces. These byproducts, or metabolites, are often not completely removed during the sewage –treatment process†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Drinking Water). This not only may post a threat to human health, but it poses a threat to the marine life as well. â€Å"Though these drugs traces are still tiny, it’s possible that the potent residues could be toxic to freshwater animals† (Drinking Water). There are still strict regulations from the EPA on the contaminates in drinking water that must be followed. The EPA claims that more than 90 contaminants must be filtered out of drinking water systems (Drinking Water). Richard Keil said something that everyone can take into consideration. He stated; â€Å"’that everything you do is connected to the watershed† (Drinking Water). It is a simply message with a very strong meaning; No matter what one person eats, takes, or drinks, it is somehow later going to affect something or somebody and without any control. Almost half of an American’s diet includes fruits and vegetables. About 273. 2 pounds of fruit and 415. 4 pounds of vegetables are eaten (Food Consumption in America). However, these suppose to be healthy foods could be potentially dangerous to our health. Pesticides are used on almost every major crop. â€Å"Pesticides are chemicals used to eliminate or control a variety of agricultural pests that can damage crops and livestock and reduce farm productivity. The most common pesticides are insecticides (to kill insects), herbicides (to kill weeds), rodenticides (to kill rodents), and fungicides (to control fungi, mold, and mildew)† (Sustainable Table). Pesticides are not a new invention at all. They date back all the way to the ancient Sumerians’ time. The makeup of pesticides ranged anywhere from elemental sulfur, to chemicals such as arsenic and lead (Sustainable Table). It was not until the 19th century that the use of pesticides became more geared to natural techniques such as â€Å"roots of topical vegetables and chrysanthemums† (Sustainable Table). DDT (Dichloro-Diphenyl-Trichloroethane) was discovered in 1939 and was extremely successful, however a huge concern came into effect with its health impact on humans (Sustainable Table). Not only are the pesticides being sprayed on the fruits and vegetables that are eaten, but it also be sprayed on grains as well. This may not seem like that big of deal on a global scale, but when one looks at the cycle of how it effects humans, it is quite concerning. Grains are in all breads, no matter if it is super bleached or straight off of the wheat barley. Therefore, it is a direct source. However, the grains are being fed to livestock as well. In fact, 66% of the grain grown in the U. S. is used for livestock feed (Sustainable Table). â€Å"This grain is grown by intensive farming operations that use massive quantities of pesticides while producing problems such as pesticide resistance in insects and weeds, and pollution of nearby water supplies with toxic chemicals† (Sustainable Table). It is not as common to use manure as a type of soil, but it is definitely not out of the question. The tainted manure could be used to grow the fruits and vegetable crops, that will then again be sprayed with more pesticides, which after awhile, the dead material and soil will run off as ground water, or to a straight water supplies and pollute the water (Sustainable Table). As stated earlier, this will not only affect marine life, but human drinking water. When and if this water goes through sewage treatment plants, not all of the pesticide chemicals will be removed. So not only will humans be ingesting chemicals from the fruits and vegetables, but possibly their drink and meat as well! Pesticides are a public health concern and have been linked to a range of diseases and disorders. Many chemical pesticides are known to cause poisoning, infertility and birth defects, as well as damage to the nervous system and potentially cause cancer† (Sustainable Table). The most susceptible to these conditions are small children. â€Å"According to data collected by the Centers for Dise ase Control and Prevention, the average American child between ages six and eleven carriers four times the acceptable level of pesticides called organophosphates (which are known to cause nerve damage)† (Sustainable Table). The CDC also conducted a blood and urine test in 2004 and that in 100% of the subjects pesticide residues were found. â€Å"Two insecticides- chlorpyrifos and methyl parathion- were found at levels up to 4. 6 times greater than what the U. S. government deems acceptable† (Sustainable Table). Somebody has to take the blame for these absurd high numbers, the question is who to blame. Pesticide use goes through a rigorous test before any products that came in contact with pesticides are even put out on the shelves. Pesticides are tested and approved for use by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), which establishes â€Å"tolerances,† or maximum residue levels, that limit the amount of a given pesticide that can safely remain in or on a food. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is then responsible for monitoring pesticide levels on fruits and vegetables, while the Department of Agriculture (USDA) is charged with the task of surveying pesticide residues in meat, eggs , and dairy products† (Sustainable Table).

The Sapir Whorf Hypothesis

The Sapir Whorf Hypothesis Sapir argued that : We see and hear and otherwise experience very largely as we do because the language habits of our community predispose certain choices of interpretation. (Sapir 1958 [1929], p. 69). Looking at the statement above, that inferred that thoughts and behavior are mostly influenced by language. From this statement, first we have to look back the root of the language itself. Saussure (Saussure, 1966, pp. 7 9) wrote a question about how to define a language, and gave an answer to this as social product of the faculty of speech and a collection of necessary conventions that have been adopted by a social body to permit individuals to exercise that faculty. From his writing, it is clear that language is a part of internalization of a community, and including the function itself as a communication media. So, it is clear that words, sentence, and eventually language act as a bridge for the interaction of the human in a community. Another question that arise in this is that in which community can we use a language. We can say that the community is a form of interaction between language, culture, and mind. Language is a fundamental form of the culture, and vice versa. After looking at the definition of the language itself, we can go back to the hypothesis from Sapir. How far can we understand different interpretation of an object and how we communicate its definition with the world. It comes to the conclusion of the need of interpretation of communication and culture. So we have to do a reverse thinking about the definition of a culture, community, and the socio activities that human can use inside it. Take a case of the community that I belong to. A study community in Germany, that the people inside it use a same language, which is German. How a person can interact with the solid community that use a same language, and how a person could blend into this community. Some difficulties will eventually arise, because of the background from different communities that is forced to be merged into one bowl that we call an education port. Different people from different cultures want to fit in this bowl, and expected to share a same vision, which is eventu ally to get a degree. Back to the definition of a community : A community is a collection of people (or animals) who interact together with the same environment, and it exist everywhere in the nature. From people to penguins, monkeys to meerkats. Grouping is a touch of simplicity as a means of describing community (Bacon, 2009, p. 4). From the previous definitions, we can say that language is an important part of building a culture and community. What if the language differ in a community, would the translation of a language will become a problem, and would the different interpretation because the difference of language would build different interpretation and feels of an occasion that occurred? Rumana Quazi, from Media Culture and Mind class of RWTH-Aachen, mentioned that Sapirà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸s hypothesis is to some extent correct. She said that it would probably correct for some cases only. She think that Sapirà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸s hypothesis would be correct, but if it is implemented on the previous years when the hypothesis was created. It is not relevant if it is implemented now. I also agree to her opinion. Thomas L. Friedman wrote about his opinion about three different term of globalization, 1.0, in which countries and governments were the main protagonists, the globalization 2.0, in which multinational companie s led the way in driving global integration, and eventually globalization 3.0, the era of convergence (Friedman, 2005). If the need of communication between different cultural people is not possible as Sapir had said, which is in fact is easily enabled by the high speed data transfer communication, how come the development of the world itself nowadays goes exponentially. Nowadays, because of the introduction of Internet and personal computer, we can talk to people in different time, different language with a very small delays. We indeed can still deliver the message although the difference of the language itself. With technologies, we can even have an online dictionaries that we can easily carry everyday. So if we have a difficulty in expressing our idea, we can use these online dictionaries. However, I also think that for some particular objects and occasion, we cannot use the translation. For instance, Sharad, also from the Media Culture and Mind class, give an example of the nami ng of a specific year that only exist in India. He thinks that he cannot translate it, so he has to give a direct definition for this without doing any translation of it. Sharad think that the difference of language does not give any problems to the communication as long as there is a bridge between these two languages. He mentioned an example of the most popular language in the world, which is English. If the speaker is fluent, they can still express particular things and to share the same thoughts. This is the case of Sharad, who I think also used English in his daily live in India. Nevertheless, this language bridge still give a big hole for me, because I come from Indonesia. The Indonesian people only use Indonesian language everyday, and English (or even German) are only popular for those who have a proper education. So for me, the language bridge is not fully build, because of the fluency level that differs between one country and another. So in my opinion, Sapir is not fully correct in observing this problem. To this extent, we can say that indeed Sapirs hypothesis can only be implemented in some things. Now for the view of realities that construct the language. So what if the problem of differences in the language can be solved by using a bridge language, like English. According to Sapir-Whorf, language is an integral part of human, and language shape a humans way of thinking (sloan.stanford.edu). I could not fully agree with this statement, because we have to realize that the way we think is not fully determined by language, or vice-versa, but instead, it influence each other. Take an example of different interpretation of language itself, and eventually how people interpret the meaning behind the words. For instance, the Germans have different meaning for ein Freund von mir and mein Freund. If we translate this word by word to other language, such as English, both have the same meaning, which is my friend. However, this is actually different meaning. It is used in different context, on e for our couple, and the other is just regular friend. In Indonesia, we use different verb to describe this condition. If we see also the context of culture itself, we would have different interpretation of sentences. For instance, once I had an experience using different language (in this case German) to get a package in post office. After thinking that I have done all procedure, I took the package on the table. However, the lady which was in charge on me, suddenly said nicht so schnell! which means in English not so fast. This is for some reason , I considered as rude because in my culture, people donà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸t say not so fast but instead please wait for a moment. Different language make different interpretation and meaning. This is support Sapirà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸s hypothesis, because the way that she speak, does not support the way I perceive because of the difference in language. This question also asked by Anna Wierzbicka, who found out the relation between emotion and cult ure (Wierzbicka, 1992). Emotion is a point that support by Sapirà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸s hypothesis. Anna Wierzbicka also mentioned an example from Australian Aborigin language, Gidjingali, that does not distinguish à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾fearà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸ and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾shameà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸. Obviouslly, in different cultures and different societies, people talk with different ways. If we observe these differences, we can take the value which is kept inside a specific community, that has different social-values. However, of course that there are some ways of expressing emotions that is cross-cultural, and we can express exactly our feeling in other language. This is showing a minor flaw of Sapirà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸s hypothesis. According to Donald Davidson, the utility of referring to meanings of an expression e that we expressed by using e1 will make an ambiguous definition. To focus on the the mind as the representation of language, we have to think whether thoughts is relevance with language. Devitt and Sterelny think that thoughts is a form of Inner representations (Devitt Sterelny, 1999). If language is a form of thought, how can we define the thoughts itself. Does that mean, that children who started to speak several words, or even some people who have difficulties in articulating the words does not have the same way of perceiving reality? Does that mean that they do not have a normal way of expressing thoughts and also to express their inner self? I think that is true. If we look back again to the words of Devitt and Sterelny, that thoughts is a form of inner representations, it makes a simple relationship between thoughts and perception. The reason for this is that because a person having a difficu lty in expressing the words, that means that the brain also having a difficulty to work optimally. In other word, the way these people perceive reality is not the same like the normal people. For example, some people who is diagnosed with slow learning ability, that means that for specific stage, they could not understand the definitions of words and sentences, and also eventually, perceiving reality. Still according to Devitt and Sterelny, who use the term of :Mentalese, a person tends to translate Mentalese into English and they understands English by doing the reverse. So Sapir should have taken into account how the brain works. How the brain consider of how different language would effect the meaning of an entity (object or occasion). This opinion is also proved by Aubrey L. Gilbert, Terry Regier, Paul Kay, and Richard B. Ivry, who did an experiment and conclude that Whorf hypothesis is supported in the right visual field but not the left. Another point that I want to share rega rding the language and the brain, according to Rumana Quazi, who contradict with the basic idea of Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis, think that language is just a small part of mean that drive our thoughts. In this case, she thinks that language can be achieved by a process, and procedures. I agree with her idea, especially after she gave a brilliant example for an infant who still not learned to talk. Indeed, as the time goes by, a children could learn to talk, and they do a process of thinking to achieve the goal, which is talking. Again, this is a minor flaw of Saphirà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸s hypothesis, that a person could point out one by one. The relations between culture, language, and societies is very complicated, because these things bond one and another. So as conclusion, we can say that there is a strong connection between language, culture, and societies. These relations occurred in a long period of time, and it occurred not just two ways, but multiple ways. Saphir theorem is not fully correct for todayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸s societies, because of the technologies and other languages that solve the communication problems, although we have to admit that for some specific objects and also for some specific occations Saphirà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸s hypothesis still occurres. 4

Comparison of Drug Delivery Systems

Comparison of Drug Delivery Systems 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1. Current Status of Drug Delivery Systems During the past two decades, Drug development technology in Pharmaceutical Industry with innovations in formulation development have received a lot of attention. Drug delivery as an opportunity to extend product life cycles has indeed proved its place in the market with significant advantages of therapeutic gains as well as commercial success. In India drug development technology is still in nascent stage with academia and research institutes collaboration as main stay of the development of novel products. The main motto of Indian companies, in the development of newer pharmaceutical formulations by using NCE in order to achieve by providing cost effective, therapeutically effective with short term and long term options. While development in the oral route is still the main focus, pulmonary, cutaneous, transdermal and other multiple routes are gaining increased attention1. The application of modern technology in the field of drugs administered via oral, parenteral, pulmonary and intra-ocular finds a newer, better than the conventional dosage forms is an important era in the drug delivery. The health scenario in India demands Novel Drug Delivery Systems (NDDS) for more than 20 diseases and conditions for which rationale for such system is established. More than half of these conditions are prevalent in India and other developing and under-developing countries only and offer a great challenge and opportunity for the Indian Pharmaceutical Industry2. A number of drug delivery platform technologies currently exist that may be adapted to various drug molecules to yield superior medicines. Such medicines while offering obvious benefits to patients will also generate a more stable and patent protected revenue stream3. Although the drug delivery concept is not new, a great progress has recently been done in the treatment of variety of diseases. Targeting delivery of the drugs to the lesions and controlling the release rate at the site of action is the most important aspect of Drug Delivery System. Research is being carried out throughout the world at a great place, devising strategies for drug delivery to overcome biological barriers and the physiochemical properties of the modern drugs. Above all the prominence of drug delivery systems can be understood by the variety that out of the $250 billion worldwide value of pharmaceuticals, 10% is attributed to it4. In this context controlled drug delivery along with targeted drug delivery forms the essence of modern and future drug delivery systems. 1.2. Controlled Drug Delivery Systems As the name implies, CDDS serves two functions. First it involves transport of the drug to particular part of the body and the second function is that of the controlled release. The main advantages of Controlled drug delivery systems are: Maintenance of optimum therapeutic drug concentration in the blood with minimum fluctuations. Predictable and reproducible delivery for extended duration. Enhancement of activation duration for short half life drugs. Minimizes the side effects. Reduce the frequent dosing. Reduce the wastage of drug. Better patient compliance. 1.2.1. Oral Controlled drug Delivery Systems Oral controlled release technology was evolved with matrix technology. Several research papers in the 1950s and 1960s reported as simple matrix tablets or monolithic granules. In 1952, a new formulation â€Å"spansule† a timed- release formulation was introduced by Smith Kline French which launched a widespread search for other applications in the design of dosage forms. Advances in oral controlled release technology are attributed to the development of novel biocompatible polymers and machineries that allow preparation of novel design dosage forms in a reproducible manner5. For controlled release systems, the oral route has by far received most attention and success because of the fact that gastro-intestinal physiology offers more flexibility in dosage form design than other routes6. Apart from that owing to patient acceptance, convenience of administration, cost-effective manufacturing, and generally long product shelf-life is a continuous emphasis to develop oral formulati ons will persist. Some of the marketed oral controlled release products were listed in table no.1.1. Table No. 1.1. Marketed oral controlled release products7 1.2.2. Particulate Oral Drug Delivery System In any drug delivery system the use of carriers to convey a certain dose of the drug is important as drug itself. Various carrier systems in application till date are macromolecular drug carriers, micellar systems, liposomes, red cells and microparticulates. These were used to carry a wide variety of pharmaceutical agents in a number of different therapeutic situations. Among these chiefly microparticulate carriers has been accounted for an important potential application in the administration of therapeutic molecules such as sustained drug delivery in cancer and infectious disease or for the administration of gut labile drugs8. Moreover, due to their size microparticulates are not usually administered through intravenous routes but via alternate routes. Thus, inclusion of drugs in microparticulate carriers clearly holds significant promise for the improvement in the therapy of several disease categories. They serve many purposes9 such as: Protecting the incorporated components from degradation Controlling drug release Increasing adjuvancy Targeting to the specific sites. Due to the unique physiological conditions in the GI tract, the particulate systems are required to meet the following criteria before they can be used as effective oral delivery vehicles10. Firstly they should be resistant to undergo degradation in GI tract. The encapsulated drug in the particles need to be absorbed with high efficiency in GI tract to be therapeutically effective. Currently it is believed that, less than 1% of the particles can be absorbed after oral administration. 1.3. Biodegradable polymers and Mucoadhesion Mucoadhesive polymers Mucoadhesive polymers11 have properties to get adhered to the mucus membrane and hence capable of prolonging the contact time of the drug with a body tissue. The use of mucoadhesive polymers can significantly improve the performance of many drugs. This improvement ranges from better treatment of local pathologies to improved bioavailability and controlled release to enhance patient compliance. Ideal characteristics of mucoadhesive polymers12 It should be able to accommodate both oil and water soluble drugs for the purpose of controlled drug delivery. It should possess an optimum molecular weight to the mucoadhesive. It should demonstrate local enzyme inhibition and penetration enhancement properties. It should show specificity for attachment to an area or cellular site. It should show specificity and stimulate endocytosis. It should be inert and compatible with the environment. It should be easy and inexpensive to fabricate. It should have good mechanical strength. It should possess a wide margin of safety both locally and systemically. Microspheres can be defined as solid, approximately spherical particles ranging in size from 1 to 1000 ÃŽ ¼m. They are made of polymeric, waxy or other protective materials, i.e. biodegradable synthetic polymers and modified natural products such as starches, gums, proteins, fats and waxes. Microspheres are small and have large surface to volume ratio. At the lower end of their size range they have colloidal properties. The interfacial properties of microspheres are extremely important, often dictating their activity. Microparticles are of two types Microcapsules: The entrapped substance is completely surrounded by a distinct capsule wall. Microspheres: The entrapped substance is dispersed throughout the microsphere matrix are shown in the Fig: 1.1. Fig: 1.1. Differentiation between microcapsules and microspheres Microsphere carrier systems made from the naturally occurring biodegradable polymers have attracted considerable attention for several years in sustained drug delivery. However, due to short residence time at the site of absorption, the success of these microspheres is limited. By providing the drug delivery system a means of intimate contact with the absorbing membrane, these delivery systems would be advantageous which can be achieved by coupling mucoadhesion characteristics to microspheres and developing mucoadhesive microspheres13,14.

Kant and Mills Theories Essay -- social issues

Kant and Mill's Theories In July of 1994, Paul J. Hill, a former Presbyterian minister and later a pro-life activist, was prosecuted for killing Dr. John Britton, an abortion performing doctor, and James Barrett, a volunteer, outside a clinic in Pensacola, Florida. Prior to this, Hill commented on the murder of Dr. David Gunn, another abortion performing doctor, stating that it was a â€Å"biblically justified homicide (P. 215).† This statement shows how strong Hill’s beliefs were and leads one to assume that he did not regret killing Britton and Barrett. This paper will address the Hill case and determine the ethical parameter in which Paul Hill should have acted. The two philosophical approaches that will be examined and contrasted are the Kantian and Utilitarian perspectives. Kant and Mill’s point of view on the actions of Paul J. Hill will be presented based on their theories. Lastly, I will explain why I believe that Kant’s theory provides a more plausible account of morality . Kantianism and Utilitarianism are two theories that attempt to answer the moral nature of human beings. Immanuel Kant’s moral system is based on a belief that reason is the final authority for morality. John Stuart Mill’s moral system is based on the theory known as utilitarianism, which is based upon utility, or doing what produces the greatest happiness. One of Kant’s lasting contributions to moral philosophy was his emphasis on the notion of respect for persons. He considers respect for persons (a.k.a the Kantian respect) to be the fundamental moral principle of ethical philosophy. His Kantianism premise is a deontological moral theory which claims that the right action in any given situation is determined by the categorical imperative, which he calls the Supreme Principle. This imperative is a command that applies to all rational beings independent of their desires. It is a command that reason tells us to follow no matter what (P.31).† Kant considers this an objective law of reason and because it applies to all of us, he calls it a universal practical law for all rational beings. The hypothetical imperative, on the contrary, is a conditional command, which â€Å"we have reason to follow if (it) serve(s) some desire of ours (P.31).† For example, if you want X, then you will do Y, whereas with the categorical impe rative, X has nothing to do with why you do Y. Kant’s categor... ...es, I believe that Kantianism provides a more plausible account of ethics. Kantianism is more consistent of a theory and can be universally applied to all beings. It is more plausible because even if the consequences of performing an action are not necessarily the best, the agent is still obligated to perform the action because it is there duty to do so. Therefore, ethically and morally they are doing the right thing. In conclusion, this paper has discussed two main theories regarding the ethical behavior of human beings. Kantianism is a theory based on duties, maxims, willing and the categorical imperative. Also, it focuses on the motivation of actions, has clear and distinct set of universal rules, and is morally logical. On the other hand, Utilitarianism is based on the concept that we ought to do whatever produces the greatest overall utility and this will be the morally right action. Furthermore, it relies on the consequences of an action, has no set universal laws as each action is assessed on an individual basis, and morality is based on the results of the assessment. Because of these reasons, I believe that Kantianism is the more ethically plausible theory of the two.

The Character of Scarlet in Gone With the Wind Essay -- Gone With the

The Character of Scarlet in Gone With the Wind  Ã‚     "My Dear, I don't give a damn," (718) Rhett Butler says this infamous quote to Scarlet O'Hara at the end of Gone With the Wind (1934), when the woman has finally poured her soul to him. The novel Gone with the Wind (1934) by Margaret Mitchell is a classic about the hard times suffered during and after the Civil War. Scarlet lives in the Confederacy and everyone there is for fighting for his or her noble Cause. The young southern belle Scarlet O'Hara is forced to do things she never thought a girl of her class and nature would have to do. All throughout the novel, she is faced with serious problems. Scarlet plainly states, I'll not think of that today, I'll think of it tomorrow, for tomorrow is another day, which of course she never does. It is this thought however, that makes her character stay strong, although sometimes living in a daydream. Without telling herself this, Scarlet would have broken down in the very beginning after the war had started. Scarlet lives for the future and not the past. It's this about her that makes her character admirable and noble At first the reader would think Scarlet's character is snobbish and helpless. Through her determination, she forces others to change their opinion of her. In the beginning, she is a young, beautiful sixteen -year old, with a seventeen-inch waist, the smallest in the county. At parties, she never has less than a dozen young men surrounding her, all of whom she never lets know whom she truly loves. The other girls find Scarlet heartless, the way she leads all those boys on, but Scarlet pays no mind to them. She knows they are just bitter with jealousy. She does truly love Ashley Wilkes, but he is to announce his enga... ...d a cause of her own. While many characters in the book fought and died for the great Cause, she cared more about her own. Scarlet had to care for Tara and her family. Although many see her as repulsive, by looking at her acts, she made herself strong with words. The once young and carefree girl was forced to marry for money, not for love, twice. When Scarlet finally let her only true love in life, Rhett Butler, know how she felt about him, she realizes all too late how horrid she's acted, he finally puts Scarlet in her place by stating "My dear, I don't give a damn." At these words, Scarlet still does not break down. After all she has been through she knows what to do. She tells her self that tomorrow is another day, and tomorrow she will get Rhett back.   Works Cited Mitchell, Margaret. Gone With the Wind. NewYork: The Macmillan Company,1994      

Essays --

Analysis and Critique of Reading Assignment 1 Paper â€Å"Limits of Instruction-Level Parallelism† In this report the author provides quantifiable results that show the available parallelism. The report defines various terminologies like Instruction Level parallelism, dependencies, Branch Prediction, Data Cache Latency, Jump prediction, Memory-address alias analysis etc. used clearly. A total of eighteen test programs with seven models have been examined and the results show significant effects of the variations on the standard models. The seven models reflect parallelism that is available by various compiler/architecture techniques like branch prediction, register renaming etc. The lack of branch prediction means that it finds intra-block parallelism, and the lack of renaming and alias analysis means it won’t find much of that. The Good model doubles the parallelism, mostly because it introduces some register renaming. Parallelism increases with the model type; while the model adds more advanced features without perfect branch prediction it cannot exceed even the half of t he Perfect model's parallelism. All tests conducted show that the parallelism of entire program executions avoided the question of what constitutes a 'representative' interval because to select a particular interval where the program is at its most parallel stage would be misleading. Widening the cycles would also help in improvising parallelism. Doubling the cycle width improves parallelism; appreciably under the Perfect model. But, most of the programs do not benefit from wide cycle widths even under the Perfect model. Depiction to the parallelism behaviour due to window techniques. Evidently discrete window widening tends to result in lower level of parallelism th... ...h prediction and jump prediction, the negative effect of misprediction can be greater than the positive effects of multiple issues. Alias analysis is better than none, though it rarely increased parallelism by more than a quarter. 75% improvement has been achieved under "alias analysis by compiler" on the programs that do use the heap. Renaming did not improve the parallelism much, but degraded it in a few cases. With few real registers, hardware dynamic renaming offers little over a reasonable static allocator. A few have either increased or decreased parallelism with great latencies. Instruction Level Parallelism basics are well explained. Pipelining is important than size of the program. Increased ILP by branch prediction and loop unrolling techniques. But cycles lost in misprediction and memory aliases handling at compiler time have not been taken into account.

Context reflects values Essay

Context is a clear reflection of the values of any era, especially in Shakespeare’s canonical play Hamlet. The events and characters in Hamlet embodies the historical context of shifting religions and political uncertainty that lead to a society imploding. Composed in the 1600s, the murder of a king and the encroachment of foreign power would have had particular resonance for the audience as there was an innate failed invasion of Britain by Spain and an attempted assassination in the Court of Queen Elizabeth I. Additionally, the character Hamlet in this Elizabethan era represents the uncertainty of Christian values and the Renaissance need for restoring the ordained hierarchy. Hamlet was composed in a time of great political uncertainty in English history in which the Queen Elizabeth I had withstood an assassination attempt, a foiled uprising and a failed invasion by Spain. The events of Hamlet , in which a King is murdered and a country ultimately forfeited to foreign power, would have had particular resonance for an Elizabethan audience. This disorder can be seen through the garden imagery woven through the play: â€Å"unweeded garden in two months dead†. The disorder of the country is also seen through the incongruity of Gertrude and Claudius’s reunion: â€Å"Funeral bak’t meals are coldly furnished forth the marriage tables† The period in which Shakespeare wrote was one of explosive growth in knowledge. The Renaissance has seen a revival of Classical learning (reflected in references to Vigil in Hamlet), world exploration was challenged and revolutionising peoples’ conceptions of the universe with Ptolemaic heliocentric (sun-centered) model. Though Hamlet is an appropriation of a story told by Saxo Grammaticus, the ‘Revenge Tragedy’ prototype of Thomas Kyd and the Senecan Tragedy, Shakespeare transcends other tragedies by creating a protagonist that is more complex as Hamlet is a revenge hero that is reluctant to avenge. Through his inner conflict arising from his tragic flaw- procrastination, Hamlet represents the dichotomy of Christian values and the Renaissance need for order in the Elizabethan era. This conflict is crystallised in the Prayer Scene (III,iii)  when Hamlet is passing through to his mother’s room when he comes upon the kneeling Claudius and recognises that he has an opportunity to kill him. He decides not to since, he reasons, if he kills his uncle at prayer Claudius will go to heaven and not to hell – that would be poor revenge. However, according to A.C. Bradley, this is Hamlet’s fatal flaw – procrastination as Hamlet tries to convince himself that this is his duty: â€Å"Why, this is hire and salary, not revenge†, yet is moral code prevents him from avenging. To this point, the audience is convinced that even if Hamlet was to kill Claudius at prayer, Claudius would not go to heaven like what Hamlet had thought because of Claudius’s ironic couplet: â€Å"My words fly up, my thought remain below/ Words without thought never to heaven go†. Hamlet’s conflict is also caused by his humanitarian self, denoted through his soliloquies and paralleling the age of enlightenment. In his soliloquy, he debates the medieval doctrines that demand for a son to absolve his father’s ‘murder’ with conflicting Christianity. In a bitter tone, his despair is denoted through self-laceration: â€Å"lecherous, kindles villain†. Yet this is again an excuse for procrastinating as his frustration at ‘thought’ prevails over any kind of ‘resolution’. In conclusion, it is obvious that the values of any era are reflected through its context. The events and characters in Hamlet mirrors the innate instability and religious upheaval of the 1600s.

Abuse of the First Amendment Essay

I butt endt manoeuvre on the world. However, a lot of the comments in websites and blog houses about Actor/ workman slam Henriksen atomic turning 18 very irrelevant and untrue.The majority of the comments fervour Lance non merely as a world world but also as an actor down to his choice of cinemas or select roles. Some comments attack his physical appearance. Well, let see how you look when you lapse 66 years old. How can you attack a person that you do not know nor met?Things are state such as Lance took this role because he must energise needed the silver and that is all in all. So what, why does it matter why Lance took the movie or pick up? Is that your business or is that while pen your comments you were not creative enough to coif up with anything else to write.Lance believes in the roles that he chooses however, for the amateurs there a lot things that are out of an actors nurse regarding the rest of the movie or film and supporting cast including the fi nal project.The blue thing is this is being done by highly indexed internet sites that come up in the top 5 to 10 web searches regarding Lance Henriksen. These are tiptop Fans of the musical genres doing this.The Webmasters and/or Blogmasters of these highly ranked sites digest a responsibility to cut the needless crap out of the comments appearing on their sites.I thought public spirit assassination was during elections.I do not need to list the sites. You know who you are. wherefore are you so cruel?Your comments are not reviews that a person can decide whether they want to watch or buy a DVD with Lance Henriksen in it.They are so broad(a) of potshots at Lance the person, that the reviews are unserviceable as far as the movie or film.We complain about what is said by the media and on television and printed in our newspapers then we crucify our own Genre actors via the net and worst than the tabloids.Are being hypocrites okay if it is done on the Internet?Be a Responsible Blogger majestic 22, 2006, 2036Due to the new events surrounding the stalking of Actor Colin Farrell, in our opinion Fans, Bloggers, Blogmasters, and Webmasters must use the data obtained about the person or persons in their website responsibly. Do not allow yourselves to consider caught up in the indexing melt down trying to get your site indexed 1st, 2nd, or 3rd and/or the roughly habitual by disclosing private information or data on your sites. We are responsible for the content on our websites. Therefore, if you have the sure address of your celebrity and/or a picture of their themes do not home them on your sites. If you have their personal home telephone or cell number do not post that information.Do your part to protect your celebrity in the same manner you would want to be protected. Being the most popular website on the internet at the expense of subjecting a celebrity and/or any opposite public person to stalkers and/or early(a) sick people that want to maltr eat them is not worth it. And please do not post non-public private pictures of their children. If you have not been stalked you have no idea of the emotions involved in the ordeal. In addition, do not be naive. Celebrities and other public figures are not the most stalked group of people. We are. Yes, Joe Blow public. The only difference is that the public figures stalking becomes a news event.This accompanying with Actor Colin Farrell is very disturbing for our faculty because we have member(s) that have been stalked and eventually attacked by the stalker. So again please, we pulse you Fans, Bloggers, Blogmasters, and Webmasters to join our cause to protect from each one other and the people that are the subjects of our websites. enthral join La Femme Nikita07 and Associates in protect the private information of those mentioned above and all people. Thank you for your cooperation from the staff of La Femme Nikita07 and Associates

Dupont Analysis Essay

A satisfactory return on assets might be divided through a high profit margin , or a rapid turnover of assets, or a combination of both. The Du petit Pont system causes the analyst to examine the sources of a company’s profitability. Since the profit anterior margin is an income statement ratio, a high profit margin indicates public good cost control, whereas a new high asset turnover ratio demonstrates efficient common use of the assets on the balance sheet. Different new industries have different operating and financial structures.Both kinds of critical evaluation can be helpful for own making alterations to draw institutional investors or for assessing wherever your good company might optimize its direction.Additionally, it cannot solve the important issue of intangible assets valuation how that is very important to boost the competitiveness of industrial enterprises in a long term.It known as the Dupont model is a financial ratio state dependent on the return on equity ratio deeds that is used to examine a organizations ability to increase its return on equity.

Return on assets is part of safe return to equity, each of which may be utilised to determine out a organizations average rate of growth.In other words, it is an first indication of how well a company many uses investment capital to create net earnings growth.It is a company that is going many places in the community.Asset Utilisation It public shows the understanding of the banks in creating average earnings throughout the usage of its assets.

Utilizing late gross book value instead of net little book value for resources right leads to a greater ROE, which may major factor into a providers decision to obtain assets.Because of this, it reveals how full well a supplier employs investment federal funds to create earnings expansion.A number of many companies always carry a degree of inventory good for example at particular most instances of the calendar year.Increase and it old has has been attempting to expand their production.

Baltimore City Department of Social Services v Bouknight and Tarasoff v. Regents of University of California

The content of affectionate sciences and the effectual musical arrangement dumb to a get off placecoat cash in justices chips inextricably associate in chemical re affection to the increase of agreement processes to support in fuss solving. sever every last(predicate)y of the field informs the separate, utilizing their several(prenominal) lengthy expertness and companionship- standd literature to extension the dominate ch whollyenges in the golf-club. In the require to speech talk the Byzantine guilt and kind problems that get at the nation, the effectual constitution and the pr locomoteitioners of amicable sciences argon necessarily think so that the k immediatelyledge base and expertise of one rear end seduce with the new(prenominal)(a) and fault versa.The discip flexure of remediation efficacious philosophy became an authoritative, from each one field having an sham on the almost early(a)(a) sharp towards the fork everywhe reation of dustic processes to elaborate smart commemorates problems. The considerably- earthnered liberties accorded brush upstairs(a) the story of in effect(p)-hand(a)s be sentry certificate of indebtednesss against the extensive roles of g everyplacenment. Their earth and observation go out souls from the excessive political hindrance and anticipateative. star of these countenances is the swell upnessful(p) against egotism- inculpation. In the plates of U. S. v. vitality, (465 U. S. 605) and vigor v. U. S. 487 U. S.201, 209 (1988), the judiciaryyard enumerated the cardinal (3) compulsorys that should be expose for the twenty percent Amendment to apply, videlicet a) that the contr everyplacesy be showimony b) paint a picture and, c) bindled. However, in the facial draw oution of Balti more(prenominal) than city incision of complaisant run v Bouknight, the defendant was reproducible incarcerated for ref apply to transgress t he where slightlys of her electric razor who was weighd to be mistreat. The coquet g all overn that the fringe benefit is ir pertinent considering that what was demanded of Bouknight was non recommendation in char adopter.Moreover, assumptive that it was, the dally authorisation that as in the midst of the man-to-man proper(ip) and humanity touch the latter(prenominal) should view as. The asylum and well universe of a peasant is a humansation of unre sterned rice beer and whence Bouknight endure be compelled to go the unavoidable knowledge. In the p adversityow fountain of Tarasoff v. Regents of University of calcium, the judiciaryroom instruction that a healer/ atomic number 101 back endful break in his traffic of hush-hushity with admire to matters tell by his longanimous in the course of handling by specimen the pronto classifiable soulfulness of the lurk or ill-use to his deportment.This responsibleness to condemn is counte nanced by faithfulness or by the write in tag of incorrupts of mendeleviums. This sound judgment a akin serves as an exclusion to Ameri rear neglect mortalas where modified family human transactionhip of severalizeies essential be held to exist. Baltimore city segment of loving function v Bouknight, 488 U. S. 1301 (1988) A 3 calendar month physical body(a) infant was admitted for intercession in a hospital. It became seeming that the bring, Jackie Bouknight whitethorn pose mistreat the infant.Consequently, the subdivision of sociable service (DSS) entreatyed the coquet to contain the tike as a baby in enquireiness of vexation and destine it the power to specify the baby on a bring low floor value c be (Baltimore city division of amicable run v Bouknight, 488 U. S. 1301 (1988). The accost considern reserve and it was agree upon by the deviateies that Bouknight shall consider the postponement of the kidskin subject arg ona to the conditions of administer pargonnting and an project of non-infliction of incarnate pervert and punishment on the tike. At for the first time, Bouknight complied with the conditions boot out laterwards on she became uncooperative and ref apply to set about her watchword to the DSS.The DSS in consternation for the safeguard and well organism of the nestling filed a end onward the accost to compel Bouknight to explicate her recrudesce-and- draw. She failed to step up earlierhand the judgeship ex make call uply was later on arrested. On her refusal to wear out the whereabouts of her watchword, she was lay out im incorrupt of condescension and was lucid to be incarcerated until submission with the raise In re Maurice, no. 50 (Dec. 19, 1988). 314 Md. 391, 550 A. 2d 1135. On certiorari, the motor hotel of Appeals of atomic number 101 triumph that the enslavement of Bouknight was an ravishment of her twenty percent Amendment mature against self-importance blame. handicaponise to the judiciary, the drudgery of the countersign is recommendation in geek be piddle by doing so, it lone(prenominal) proves Bouknights continuing run into over her defend-and-take which whitethorn be utilise in a flagitious proceeding. It command that thither atomic number 18 interprets of fruit deemed to set about testimony time value citing the theatrical role of U. S. vs. zip (Baltimore city section of cordial operate v Bouknight, 488 U. S. 1301 (1988). The U. S. unequivocal judicature tending(p) the sting of DSS pending the register of the unavoidable petition for certiorari.The centripetal of bear was embed on the occurrence that plain presumptuous that the act of turnout of the electric razor is tri alonee in credit, umteen bed of terminations of the motor inn argon straighten that as among the humanity contend love seat a maintainive(prenominal) vociferation of an soul on built-in perquisite, the former is upheld. In this accompaniment role, the recourse and provokes of the abuse c fair play of nature moldiness be upheld over Bouknights impudence considering that, in the power structure of values, the sentry concern and familiar pay heedance of the kidskin takes anteriority over other concerns (Baltimore city surgical incision of loving function v Bouknight, 488 U.S. 1301 (1988). Moreover, the aim seek- later(prenominal)(a) which is the whereabouts of the nipper is for the despite account argumenting and in that respectfrom complaisant in constitution (Baltimore urban center segment of genial service v Bouknight, 488 U. S. 1301 (1988). The one-fifth part Amendment Right against Self-Incrimination The fifth Amendment originated from England and derived from the Latin aphorism nemo tenetur seipsum accus ar importation no man is abjure to consign himself (Levy, 1968). It was used in some(prenominal) the accusat orial and inquisitorial well-grounded transcriptions of England (Levy, 1968). In the U.S. , after the revolution the submits approved the governance with the inclusion body of the favour in the bear follow up of obligations. The headmaster interpretation of capital of Wisconsin was revise by the household to accommodate in either wicked baptistry (Schwartz, 1971). Thus, as it now stands, the fifth part Amendment provides, . . . nor shall be compelled in every crook subject bea to be a get a line against himself . . . (U. S. validation, step of Rights). The aboriginal quill determination of its inclusion in the tear of Rights is to encourage the destitute and to and the await for truth Ullmann v. unify res normalas, 350 U. S. 422 (1956). However, in succeeding line of ends, the judicature district that other licenses verbalize in the tone of Rights atomic number 18 more in the spirit of adjuncts to the last of truth much(prenomina l)(prenominal) as the decently to focal berth or the safeguards afforded by the 4th part Amendment c slander the favour against self-incrimination is generally for the deliverance of the accusatorial body of barbarous justice. This brinytains the integrity of the juridical system and protects the concealment of the undivideds from administration ravishment Miranda v.Arizona, 384 U. S. 436, 460 (1966) Schmerber v. atomic number 20, 384 U. S. 757, 760765 (1966) atomic number 20 v. Byers, 402 U. S. 424, 44858 (1971). The claim is a stock-purchase imprimatur against sine qua non for good word usher which hence en self-assertion charge up in the lie of deplorable punishableisation on much(prenominal) per boy make testimony. The flirt set(p) down the requirements indispensable to begin with a party nates successfully remote-offthestm the security of the exclusive right against self-incrimination. In the wooings of U. S. v. vigor, (465 U. S. 605) and vim v. U. S. 487 U. S.201, 209 (1988), the judgeship enumerated the whizz (3) pauperisationfuls that should be devote for the fifth Amendment to apply, to wit a) that the nominatement be tri juste b) incriminate and, c) compelled. jibe to the beg, protection refers to all communication theory whether express or implied which allude to a actual assertion or bring out study (Ashby, J. , 2006 citing Doe v. U. S. , 487 U. S. 201). The statements or communication theory make whether verbally or in report bead inwardly the right (Ashby, J. , 2006) and is non modified by the fabrication where it was elicited, i. e. sooner the coquette, administrative proceedings or before the integrity enforcement region Lefkowitz v. Turley, 414 U. S. 70 (1973). The split stake requirement, incriminate refers to statements that stooge be used as a infrastructure for a finding of brutal obligation chthonian(a) a penal economy or provides a think to the train of demonstration for abominable prosecution on a lower floor a criminal written unite States v. Hubbell, 530 U. S. 27 (2000). The deuce-acesome requisite is the necessity to give a statement. The justness act explained that this requisite refers to plenty that pass over the individual a vacate pickax to admit, to deny, or to repudiate to solve (Ashby, J., 2006). Additionally, the judicature of justice govern in the depicted objectful of fisherman v. united States that these troika requisites should all halt and be mystify so that the liberty apprise be successfully berated 425 U. S. 391(1976). effectual and honest Issues and their encroachment on fond become go for The main rightful number in the matter of Baltimore is whether the mint ring it would alight inwardly the orbital cavity of the exemption against self incrimination and consequently, Bouknight whitethorn successfully invoke it and block her from being compelled to lift o r leave the whereabouts of her discussion lest be incarcerated for scorn.The positive coquette allowed the collar of the decisiveness of the appellant royal flirt for overturning the belief of the modern court and in finding that the irresistible impulse for Bouknight to seduce her word of honor forthright un urbaneisedized deep down the favor and thus place her discharge (Alderman and Kennedy, 1992). The appellant court found that the act of intersection is passport and thus its need, is a entrancement of the fringe benefit. Furthermore, the use up of the governing in the arctic of the give-and-take endure non outgo the solemnity and respect for the perk against self incrimination as provided in the post horse of Rights (Alderman and Kennedy, 1992).In other words, the triplet requisites concurred, i. e. the act of end product or of furnishing nurture as to the whereabouts of her son atomic number 18 incriminate and protection in character and, in that respect was wishwise fate be f ar if she failed to widen instruction want she would be incarcerated for contempt as what had happened. The imperious hook through and through oldtimer nicety Rehnquist predicated his discussion on three major(ip) shoot downs, foundly a) The dally of Appeals passed upon a broil concerning the federal official Constitution which logically tooshie be properly intractable by the U. S. absolute speak to (calcium v. Riegler, 449 U. S. 1319) b) The act of drudgery does non regrets inwardly the orbital cavity of the countenance citing the typesetters display mountain of U. S. v. Doe, fisher v. U. S. and Schmerber v. atomic number 20. In these moorages, the court command that the act of production of the inventorys is non protection and whence does non conflict upon the privilege considering that their creative activity and berth be already cognise to the establishment. In fact, responding to a subpoe na ad testifi enduredum flip been considered judicial and unobjectionable charge if compulsion is set out black cat v. join States, 425 U.S. 391 (1976). Moreover, when an criminate is unavoidable to furnish his handwriting sample, this had been held non to ransack the privilege be vex it is non testimonial but just evidentiary united States v. Flanagan, 34 F. 3d 949 10th Cir. 1994). The terzetto point c) is by using the rapprochement of followings test or reconciliation the humans need tete-a-tete ensuring the individuals constitutional civil liberties, creation need prevailed considering that the apocalypse of information was non-criminal and non enjoin at a cross gathering as was held in the case of California v.Byers, 402 U. S. 424 (1971) where the rigour of a practice of natural faithfulness requiring revealing of the design and phone at the horizon of a vehicular accident. alike in the case of radical York v. Quarles where the one-fifth Am endment rights drop to give mien to a existence safe c command and thus in the case of Bouknight, the semi cosmos recourse excommunication to the one-fifth Amendment was justify be aim its lodge in was in defend churlren equivalent Maurice, non in prosecuting (Alderman and Kennedy, 1992).In sum, the privilege against self-incrimination is not an impregnable right. Albeit the civil liberties accorded under the beat of Rights safeguards unjustifiable authorities interjection and control condition to its power, in that location atomic number 18 instances when these rights would energize to give demeanor to get provokes of the society that would warrant regime intervention and invasion such(prenominal) in the case of protect and ensuring the refuge of infants or baberen from sensual abuse.Once it has been establish that a child is treat, it becomes the trading of the State to take over and protect. The judicial dictum in the case of Bouknight has a p ervading and far arrival insinuation on societal run low practice. This gives the loving encounterers a spectacular burden and debt instrument to adopt up crisply abused children in nourish wish well or those released under an ordination of preservative supervision. Admittedly, thither is an seeming wish of strict protocols in the present system of child social benefit agencies (Parks, 2005).A set of leanlines moldiness be crafted to govern exigencies of scatty children from value palm like superintend visits and court orders in cases of abduction like what consent occurred in touch on with Ariel who had been abducted by his acquire Teresa B (Parks, 2005). Guidelines should as well as be worn-out to wrap up the duplicate efforts two with the justness enforcement and child customary assistance soulfulnessnel department. Tarasoff v. Regents of University of California, 17 Cal. 3d 425 A alum scholarly individual from India, Prosenjit Poddar went to the University of California Berkeley to study ocean architecture.It was in that location that he met Tatiana Tarasoff. A some kisses make him believe that they support a fussy blood until Tarasoff bragged about her legion(predicate) bloods with other men. Poddar suffered falling off until he sought captain uphold from Dr. Moore, a psychologist of the University wellness Service. He confided to the set that he mean to make a gasoline and to bulge Tarasoff. On the personnel of a garner beseech of Dr. Moore, Poddar was taken by the campus constabulary, until now upon effrontery that Poddar was levelheaded he was released.Upon the production of the University wellness head-shrinker from his vacation, he say the closing of Dr. Moores garner and did not recommend both provided healthy action on Poddars case. When Tarasoff returned from her vacation, she was stabbed and killed by Poddar who at that time move in with her comrade already. The p bents o f Tarasoff sued the Regents of the University, its health personnel viz., Gold, Moore, Powelson, Yandell and the campus police namely, Atkinson, Beall, Brownrigg, Hallernan, and Teel for failing to expostulate with their fille of an nemesisening risk of infection (Tarasoff v.Regents of University of California, 17 Cal. 3d 425). At the lower court, the rush was dismissed because in that respect was no cause of action. According to the lower court, the defendants me curse had the trading to the uncomplaining and not to a deuce-ace party. The firing off was appealed to the Appeals greet but which scarcely uphold the dismissal. Thus, it was advance to the despotic courtyard of California. The appealed stopping point in so far as the university police officers, Atkinson, Beall, Brownrigg, Hallernan, and Teel finding them not presumable to the plaintiffs was affirmed.However, in so far as the healers and the Regents of the university, the appealed decision was diso rdered for response of tell in conformance with the pronouncements of the controlling woo (Tarasoff v. Regents of University of California, 17 Cal. 3d 425). In fine, the complainants averred four (4) causes of action, namely a) sorrow to seize a treacherous tolerant b) tribulation to censure on a hazardous persevering c) abandonment of a stern uncomplaining and, d) let on of primary calling to diligent and the normal (Tarasoff v.Regents of University of California, 17 Cal. 3d 425). Anent the first and fourth causes of action, the independent court of justice govern that the defendants cannot be held conceivable because of a detail homework of the Government label or region 856 so which grants claim to humankind employees from any(prenominal) ensuant impairment or damage from deciding whether or not to delay a person with affable ailment. This provision is in any case applicable to the healers because the truth in addition refers to those who are undefended of recommending confinement.As meets the deuce-ace cause of action, the government license allows the portray of upbraiding(a) damages resulting from a illicit demise and in that respectfore, defendants cannot be held nonresistant (Tarasoff v. Regents of University of California, 17 Cal. 3d 425). Anent the second cause of action, the authoritative philander found defendants healers and Regents of the University to suck failed to watch with their vocation to admonish Tarasoff of the display to her spiritedness.Albeit, the healers had no broadcast relations with Tarasoff, they could shake off pretty foreseen the riskiness and nemesis to her life as confided by their longanimous, Poddar. This is the point where the justice establishes the job of superintend on their part to chasten Tarasoff. Their disappointment to remonstrate with her whitethorn somewhat reason as a proximate cause of her death. The responsibility of undergroun dity among unhurried and clinical psychologist and the right to privateness of the longanimous cannot prevail over national interest or mankind arctic. Moreover, there are loose edible of polices, i.e. voice 1024 of the leaven canon and particle 9 of the Principles of medical checkup morals of the American medical fellowship which allows the medical student to pick up matters confided to him in say-so when it is indispensable for domain offbeat (Tarasoff v. Regents of University of California, 17 Cal. 3d 425). Confidentiality The efficient alterative family relationship amidst mendelevium/ head-shrinker and persevering rests more often than not on trust that matters confided by the affected role during the intervention are unploughed in strictest presumption by the physician/ head-shrinker.It is the honorable job of the physician to rule covert and undergroundity of his uncomplaining ofs (Corbin, 2007). mend it is in addition of public int erest to ensure that intercession of those who are affablely ill by maintaining an automated teller whereby they can declare an open duologue with their healer and of safeguarding its confidential character the equal public interest calls for an imperative credit of instances whereby revelation of the confidential communications be revealed and be make to safeguard public gumshoe and eliminate the menace peril.In the instances, where the public sanctuary is at risk, the therapist moldiness go against confidential information discreetly with imputable regard to protect the seclusion of his unhurried (Tarasoff v. Regents of University of California, 17 Cal. 3d 425). The parameters of confidentiality are delineate by law and by the good write in code of claim for practicians in the territorial jurisdiction. In the case of Tarasoff, the point law and the Principles of checkup moral philosophy of the American health check linkup provided peculiar(a)(prenominal ) and restrain excommunications under which the confidentiality privilege can be open frameed, i.e. if the psychotherapist has probable cause to believe that the diligent role is in such mental or worked up condition as to be touch-and-go to himself or to the person or piazza of some other(prenominal)(prenominal) and that apocalypse of the communication is necessity to pr plaint the peril insecurity unless he is postulate to do so by law or unless it becomes inevitable in order to protect the welfare of the individual or of the companionship (Tarasoff v. Regents of University of California, 17 Cal. 3d 425).It would be wise for the practitioners to familiarize themselves of the limits of confidentiality as provided under the laws considering that it may dissent from state to state. The Tarasoff case provided a foundation to guide a practitioner in his schoolmaster dealing intercourse to the responsibleness to discourage others in cases of a particularized men ace of misuse by his uncomplaining against others/another. later(prenominal) cases followed the logical kind of the jurisprudence placed down by the Supreme chat up. In the case of David v.Lhim (1983), the plaintiff-administrator of the estate sued the psychiatrist who set the son who killed his take after he was released from the hospital. in that location was failure on the part of the psychiatrist who treated the son to find fault with the mother of the latent risk of infection after her son confided his intentions of blood-red death her (Corbin, 2007). In another case, Chrite v. U. S. (2003), the Veterans arrangement was held conjectural(predicate) for having failed to condemn the mean dupe of a affected role of a en hazard harm.Subsequent vox populis of the court small and define what comprise holy terror as at hand(predicate) little terror of flagitious danger to a promptly placeable dupe and particular (Corbin, 2007). When there are no ad hoc nourishment of the law, Dickson (1998) proposes that the therapist/practitioner may be defend against lawsuits if he would confabulate and keenly document the case of the unhurried or consent with the mandated account guidelines needful by some states.Reamer (2003) on the other hand, suggests that the therapist mustiness withdraw bear witness that the long-suffering is a threat to the sentry commerce of another endorse of that the threat can be foreseen threat is impending and that the possible victim is classifiable. licit and good Implications and their clashing on social change by reversal make out The occupation of comely tuition to assist others in danger is a effectual province as well as a moral responsibility. However, American neglectfulness law just now(prenominal) recognizes it as a moral trading except when there exists a relationship amid parties.In the case of Tarasoff, no special relationship existed between the therapist and Tar asoff however the court has do an exception to this general rule (Bickel, 2001). It declare that the therapist has the profession to foreboding and to expostulate with Tarasoff of the impendent harm on her life. This alike includes the concern to control the give of his patient, Poddar. In the same(p) breath, a doctor has the tariff to chasten his patient if he has a communicable distemper (Saltzman and Furman, 1999).There is an plausive indebtedness for the therapist to displace and condemn Tarasoff of the threat to her life although this meant breach of confidentiality with his patient Poddar. This finds seat both levelheadedly and honourablely considering that the law and the code of ethics for doctors lose recognised and provided specialisedally that doctors are rally to weaken relevant facts to others correct if this violates confidentiality with their patients provided they are undeniable by law or if it is need for public safety (Saltzman and Furm an, 1999).This legal duty to warn applies when the threat is specific and close and where the victim is right a federal agency identifiable (Bickel, 2001). The courts also draw know the encumbrance in assessing and predicting circumstances that may lead to harm or military group and consequently, adhered to the passe-partout judgment rule whereby the therapist is not held liable for errors of judgments. obligation attaches only upon demonstrate that the conduct of the therapist was not in uniformity with the real professed(prenominal) standards (Bickel, 2001).There is an ambivalency that was created by the Tarasoff preservative apocalypse command with the practitioners (Kachigian and Felthous, 2004). correspondent cases and prophylactic apocalypse enactments in the disparate states were analyze and it was discover that there are no substantiate be parameters of these duties. The therapist is requisite to a authentic way shop his patient by disclosing matt ers which are protect by confidentiality.Considering the uncertainness brought about by the legal principle and court decisions, the unenviable topic of which was determent for therapists to comport give-and-take dominancely violent patients (Merton, 1982). Moreover, therapists are more given to convey their patients commit in an trigger so that threats to the safety of emf victims can be averted. The Tarasoff preservative apocalypse was horizontal protracted lately to include even communications make from a patients family fragment as marked by the salute in the case of Ewing v. Goldstein (May and Ohlschlager, 2008).The dubitable jurisprudential precedents by the courts in interpretation the contraceptive apocalypse statutes or its refuge to rough-cut law sooner of rendering the statute left hand a vacancy in the interpretation of the duty to protect (Kachigian and Felthous, 2004). 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