The economy of a specific developing country Essay - 1

The delivery of a specific developing country - render ExampleThe nation has experienced a major transformation from a centrally planned economy to a developed and functional market economy (Heshmati, 16). Even with the progress, China is still far from development. tenner years ago, the Gross Domestic Product (gross domestic product) of China was placed sixth largest in the world (Bailey 180). mingled with 2001 and 2010, the GDP had cast upd four times (Tselichtchev n.p.). Chinas economy has grown by 9% for the last 30 years from 1978-2004, its GDP grew by 9.7 % a year, faster than the worlds medium (Hongyi 159). In recent times, the GDP has increase by 11.3 times between 2005-2007 Chinas GDP has increased by 11%-11.6% annually (Hongyi 159). Hongyi points out that annual per capita GDP growth rate stood at roughly 7%-8% in 2010, but it is estimated be about 6%-7% by 2020 (159).The income distribution of resources has worsen due to Chinas transition to a market economy. The in equality in China is groin between the rural areas and the urban areas this is felt with the unequal distribution of resources. The inequality is felt by the increase of the rural wage employment and increased inequality of distribution of resources of urban income. The income inequality has been brought about by economic reforms, and began when the rural areas began being deprived of resources. Even with the new reforms, the poverty rates have increased (Bergsten, Gill and Lardy 31).China is a communist country, with a communist establishment. The Chinese Government has acquired strong capabilities of macroeconomic control. The market economy in China is a kind of government led market economy, and the government has strong control of the macroeconomics (Yu 32). The Chinese Government has helped the Chinese people, like the public sector in transaction with the difficulty of globalization. Nevertheless, the Government has also hindered the Chinese people this is because of the in adequate continuity of

The Roots of Anglican and Protestant Reformations Essay

The Roots of Anglican and Protestant Reformations - Essay ExampleThe introduction of many printing presses made it possible for the quick cattle farm of Renaissance ideas to a large audience in a more reliable manner. This promoted the rapid transmissions of the full treatment of Martin Luther and was made possible by the university where Luther was working at the time. On the social front, the increasing loss of popularity of capital of Italy in Germany and other parts of the world due to the heavy gross of the people in ordinate to facilitate the construction of the St. Peters square in Rome, made many people rethink their religious stand. numerous countries began to stress on their nationalism thus lowering their devotion to Rome and the nation of Italy. Some countries much(prenominal) as Germany and Poland began to openly express their dissatisfaction with Rome. The long-term economic hardships that were witnessed in Europe caused the rise in the calls for renewal by the Pr otestants. The increasing greed of the top leaders of the Catholic Church led to the depression of the peasants in various parts of Europe. The prices of basic commodities began to increase as the inflation rate rose to make the standards of existent to decrease. This was argued on the basis that the church took most of the resources and the people were left with very little to uphold their livelihoods.On the semipolitical front, it was argued that there was lack of strong and centralized institutions as which was evident by poor management of the taxation system, lack of an imperial army and lack of effective machinery to conduct the duties of the government. Martin Luther had received a lot of support and protection from Elector Frederick the Wise. The personal doubts that Martin Luther had on the direction that the church had taken, contributed to the religious course for the reformation. A takings of blames were directed on the papacy which was viewed to have taken different dimensions and had deviated from the religious goal. The popes who existed in the renaissance issue failed to set a good example for their followers all over the world.

Financial report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

fiscal report - Essay ExampleNotwithstanding the fact that both options were assure, there was a need to involve in complete evaluation of the viability of the options, based on the future predictions of the benefits obtainable from such options. The process of find the viable option entailed the application of mathematical techniques and models such as the regression analysis, the LM test and the finality rule to arrive at the most promising and viable investment option. Therefore, variables such as the gross domestic product per capita, the inflation rates, and the con effecter price index were used to modify the mathematical models and puddle at a decisive decision on the most promising option that could be adopted. After the application of the mathematical models and the fitting of these models with the above mentioned variable, a decision was reached that the option to receive the sure sum offered by the bank was non plausible, and so the decision was to rule in the off er Introduction Financial decisions are among the most difficult decisions to reach. This because, eon making a fiscal decision, varied considerations should d be made, which c both for a greater train of accuracy and precise estimations (Ingersoll, 1987 p47). Additionally, financial decisions are not hundred percent dependable, owing to the large soma of factors that affect financial investments and savings. Most significant is the fact that the complexity of making financial decisions is added to, by the reputation of the risks involved in the financial sector, where a slight mistake either in prediction or estimation could mean the success or failure of the investments made (Batyrshin, 2007 p23). Therefore, it is extremely important to ensure that financial decisions are reached with the highest degree of precision possible, while at the same time putting into consideration all the factors that determine the viability of the decisions. This financial report presents the cons iderations that were made to determine whether CORVETTE play along should accept a sure sum of sum of $2,150,000 which is risk-averse, granted by a bank, at the expense of continuing with its business of selling cars to its customers worldwide, development a local currency, or it should reject the offer. Therefore, all the considerations that were made, courtesy of the mathematical models applied will be discussed, and the final decision that was made presented. Discussion The task required that we carry out a question on whether CORVETTE Company should accept a sure sum of sum of $2,150,000 granted by a bank, at the expense of continuing with its business of selling cars to its customers worldwide, using a local currency. The need to reach this decision was based on the fact that CORVETTE Company could receive the sure sum that was risk-averse, or reject the amount and continue taking the risks associated with selling cars to customers worldwide using a local currency. Both opti ons presented financial benefits to the company. However, the benefits obtainable needed to be quantified, to come up with a final decision regarding the most promising and viable option. When banks advance credits to customers, they do so with an intention of making profits (Narayanan & Nanda, 2004 p65). Therefore, while granting CORVETTE Company a sure sum of

The Step in the Design of Effective Teaching and Learning Programs Essay

The Step in the Design of Effective Teaching and education Programs - Essay ExampleAssessment that enhances learning recognizes that learners practice their current sagacity to discover, trail and incorporate bracing knowledge, understanding and skills. Assessment for learning helps teachers and students to know if that current understanding is a suitable basis for future(a) learning.assessment influence student learning and learning processes. This involves using assessment activities to clarify student understanding of concepts and externalisening ways to remedy misconceptions and promote deeper understanding.Assessment for learning encourages self-assessment and peer assessment. Students can develop and use a range of strategies to actively monitor and evaluate their own learning and the learning strategies they use.The feedback that students receive from finish assessment activities will help teachers and students decide whether they are ready for the next phase of learni ng or whether they need further learning experiences to consolidate their knowledge, understanding and skills. Teachers should consider the effect that assessment and feedback have on student motivation and self-esteem, and the importance of the active involvement of students in their own learning.Marking guidelines and/or criteria for sound judgement performance reflect the nature and intention of the activity and will be expressed in cost of the knowledge and skills demanded by the activity relative to the outcomes, to be gathered and reported of a poster rating sheet. During the teaching-learning experiences leading to the presentation of their poster, students will receive oral and/or teacher feedback in relation toThe baffle of feedback is to communicate to students how well their knowledge, understanding and skills are developing in relation to the outcomes. Feedback enables students to recognize their strengths and areas fordevelopment and to plan with their teacher the n ext steps in their learning. They are then given opportunities to improve and further develop their knowledge, understanding and skills.

Legalization of prostitution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Legalization of harlotry - Essay employmentGiven the time period, poverty, disgrace and lack of education was a primary cause of young women become prostitutes. Sanger asked many women why they became prostitutes, and often they answered the same. They had been kicked out of their homes or deserted, were forced into it to survive, or, in some cases, they would turn to it as a remedy of their current situation, and only wanted to pursue it until something better came along. In the 19th century, prostitution evolved again into a highly profitable, visible and industrialized business. Women became commercial products, and were sexed bodies for hire and the business of prostitution was of high profit from the womens owners as illicit sex increasingly became an attractive form of uppercase investment (Barry, p 97). The labor market of the time saw the decrease of women in ordinary house servant labor into prostitution because of this rapidly developing industry (Barry, p 97). As pros titution grew, society could no longer ignore the problem that it was creating, but they could not stop the men that went to visit these houses of ill repute. It went so far as to create a book that became known as the gentlemens guide, which include better houses, giving addresses, benefits to be gained from particular establishments and the names of favorite prostitutes (Pivar, p 31). ... They were ultimately forced to bide in the business, whether they wanted to or not (Bullough, p 245). The police and doctors that supported the regulation of prostitution were refer with the control of venereal diseases, crime and sanitation (Pivar, p33). Today, prostitution is still seen by the majority of society as a crime against the morality of humanity (Scambler, p 7). These women are commonly referred to as hookers, whores, sluts or entirely prostitutes. They are seen as trash, a bane on society with no moral compasses and whose bodies are pillaged by venereal diseases. There is a plet hora of opinions of prostitution, but it is not something that is sick, wrong or unjustified. The melodic phrase has been made by opposition to prostitution that they are merely desperate women with cloudy judgment because of the frugal issues that they suffer from (Stolba, 2000). This may be true in some cases, but if it were completely true, then the twist of women in the business would do something else. There are over one million women in the unify States today that make their living by prostitution. Oppositely, about one in every six American men has been a client of a prostitute at some point in the ultimo five years. Oddly, the threat of back up and other venereal diseases is now the most compelling argument for the legitimation of prostitution. Roughly, half of all street prostitutes in untried York City and Washington, D.C. are HIV positive. In Newark, New Jersey, nearly 60% of all prostitutes there have HIV. Despite this, in the state of Nevada, not a single prosti tute in a state-licensed facility has ever tested positive for HIV/AIDS (Armentano, 1993). The brothels in Nevada require that their prostitutes

Greenhouse Gas Emission Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Greenhouse Gas Emission - Essay ExampleFrom the figure above, the EPA (2010) notes that sources such as agriculture, ingest and wastewater, and residential and commercial building are quite new sources that have been added to the sources of greenhouse gas emissions everyplace the years. The understanding therefore is that in years past, these sources did not pose any threat to the world as far as the emission of greenhouse gases was concerned. From these arguments, I can ask a question to oblige my position that if indeed successes have been achieved, why are the sources of greenhouse gas emission increasing sooner than reducing?From the evidence of increasing number of sources of greenhouse gas emissions, the University of Washington (2011) makes a shocking disclosure to the fact that the levels of greenhouse gas emissions have been so disturbing that, there is virtually no believe of reversing the trend. The source therefore notes that, There would continue to be warming even if the most stringent indemnity proposals were adopted (University of Washington, 2011). The major underlying reason for development is that some greenhouse gases have been left to rein in global warming so much to the extent that they have created heat-trapping mechanisms that will continue to vizor for the emission of heat in the nearest future. In the graph below, there is another evidence to realize the fact that efforts on greening the earth have failed because global stakeholders have done very minuscule to controlling the effect of certain greenhouse gases., particularly carbon dioxide and methane.Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions by GasSource IPPC (2007).From the graph above, it would be realized that among the different causes of greenhouse

Obesity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 8

corpulency - Essay ExampleBeing in such a position can cause unnecessary panic to any adult. However, to get out of it needs critical analysis of the exact cause. It can be a craving for start, salt or something else. By understanding, it is easy to monitor and control the diet and sugar in constitute. In most cases, such cravings are a result of stress. Therefore, identifying a good stress care strategy is effective in fighting overweight issues. In addition, exercising frequently helps break cholesterol, better blood circulation, reduce body tension and tone the body muscles. A good dietary passport is the Paleo diet. It consists of meat, eggs, nuts, spices, fruits, vegetables and seeds. The basic principle here is a high protein intake with a medium carbohydrate intake. or so studies indicate that this kind of diet is helpful in reducing diabetes, heart diseases and other obese colligate problems. Though a good dietary recomm discontinueation, it excludes other important di et categories. This might in the tenacious run bring about nutritional imbalance in the body. In addition, it gets an individual bored soft because of the food varieties.Though not publicly discussed, overweight individuals are discriminated against at their work place. This always kills their esprit de corps and creativity since they appear like the black sheep. This is when such people seem unproductive and may end up registering low turn up (Berger, 77). Naturally, there is little control over body structure. Should my mate gain excess weight, I will appreciate the change. I will be the closest encouragement, if thinkable help in observing diet, carry out some exercises, get rid of stress and take life positively.It requires a lot of self-discipline in order to maintain a healthy body. famishment the body has never been a good option when losing weight. Instead, a balanced diet, free from processed food stuffs and high sugar content can help reduce weight. In addition, people should exercise since it tones the

E-Business Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

E-Business Strategy - see Example net profits effects on planning are immensely significant to understand. This is because the universe of discourse of Internet is very varied and takes into consideration a number of aspects including the one related with the interpolate premise. This direction that technological manifestations are moving ahead at a bottleneck speed and it is usually knockout to keep a track of what new changes are hitting the business domains at bottom the World good Web. His is one of the reasons why Internet is being seen both as a hurdle and as an theatre of operations where opportunities could be discerned at the very scoop out. Internet motivates planning in the way that it creates room for understanding dewy-eyed logic and how things are planned out in a sequential format or blush randomly. It brings the entire focus back in the fray of the planning domains and this is something that planning does at the end of the day. Internet is such a giant that it is always seen as a platform which will instill change for all the right reasons, shapes and sizes. An example of this is in the form of the revolutionary changes that are taking place within the social media enterprises and networks that even the most adequately placed social networking guru finds it hard unless he has planned beforehand. He must make sure where he has to set his sails and then go about making the best use of the Internet in the long run through sound planning phases.

Drawing on academic theories and examples from practice, critically Essay

draft copy on academic theories and examples from practice, critic on the wholey explore if diversity and inclusion make business sense - stress ExampleProviding opportunities on the basis of differences in class, race, gender, religion or language is considered unjustifiable. Equality of opportunity is ane of the forms of social equality and is best expressed in the phrase career open to talents. It means that individuals should let out public opportunities that they deserve beca drill of the talent they possess and their achievements color, nationality, religion, gender or any such corresponding trace should non hinder their progress. Consequently, equality of opportunity simply demonstrates the concept of equality before the law. The concept allows immunity to accompany an individuals private interest or ambition without any arbitrary constraints ground on inappropriate personal attributes. A good example from practice could be that of matrimony. An individual has every ri ght to marry under any circumstances but it is not necessary that he gets whatever he desires for as his wife. In business, it means freedom to engage in trade. However, it doesnt give ace a right to force someone else to give you a chance in his trade. In a nutshell, equality of outcome is a radically divers(prenominal) concept. While equality of opportunity supports the idea that all individuals start at the same time, the concept of equality of outcome makes sure that all finish at the same time. It provides differentiated policies to social groups that have been disadvantaged. It is different from equality of opportunity which is a rather tolerant approach and focuses on individuals rather than groups. The business case fordiversity formulates that in a global market, a firm taking on a diverse personnel (that includes both men and women, people from different generations, people from diverse backgrounds with respect to ethnicity and race, etc.) understands the enumeration o f the marketplace it assists in a much better way of life and is and therefore has more chances of flourishing and surviving in that market than the one with a diminished genetic mutation in workforce statistics. A further consequence of this is that the employees working in a company plausive of diversity are more satisfied help in improving productivity and are more likely to be retained in the business. This contribution of the business case describes how a business makes use of its various diversities. In case of a diverse labor pool, if the span of this background is not acknowledge by the entrepreneur, then he might be able to enjoy the advantages following from diversity. Generally, the entrepreneurs are not authorized to consider ethnicity or race in recruiting the workforce. However, in case there is a spare imbalance in a traditionally segregated job category, the US Supreme court of justice has allowed for a limited selection on the basis of gender, ethnicity or ra ce. Diversity in the workplace casts a special affluence, but also special confrontations. It is up to the organizations owners to make use of diversity in foothold of an inspiring asset so as to boost organizational performance. C.L. Walck characterizes conducting diversity in the workplace as Negotiating interaction across ethnicly diverse groups, and contriving to get along in an environment characterized by cultural diversity. Diversity benefits both the society and

Challenges HR Specialist May Face Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Challenges HR Specialist May sheath - Essay ExampleThis research will begin with the statement that years ago, the primary focus of a Human Resources Management (HRM) was to foster a sense of leadership, loyalty, and vision for the organization in question. Although these core bedrock are still a primary focus of HRM to this day, the fact of the matter is that an evolution has taken backside in the way that organizations engage their HRM to differentiate and hone their advantages. For instance, as opposed to previously, HRM currently has a tall level of focus upon the social aspects of creating a positive environment, administering to the needs of the several(prenominal), and seeking to refine and hone the goals of the individual as well as that of the organization to achieve a greater degree of synergy and symbiosis. Accordingly, at that place has been much debate about the relationship between Human Resources (HR) practices and organizational performance. Hiltrop concluded th at there existed link up between HR practice to organizational performance although the evidence was weak. Other authors have made contributions to the dust of knowledge by attempting to explain the nature of this relationship. For example, Becker and Huselid proposed a causal model that suggested that HR practice impacts on employee behavior while Wright and Snell posited that HR practice impacted employee skills and behaviors. However, common to all the models proposed by the various authors, is a linearity in the relationships, for example, the model of HR and firm performance proposed by Becker. Conversely, Wright and Gardner suggested reverse causation which suggests that as organizations perform better, they invest more in their HR practices. Their argument seems to suggest that performance may not necessarily be driven by HR practice but is nevertheless linked to it. The similar authors also proposed the implicit theory hypothesis which suggests that the observed relations hip between HR practices and the organizations performance stems not from any true relationship but rather from the implicit theories of organizational survey respondents, i.e. to say it is due to subject bias and not true relationships.

Sales Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Sales focusing - Assignment ExampleHowever this is not the case because they atomic number 18 being constantly let low by the sales managers and indeed the insurance policy adopted by Mike Dalton. As Dalton believes in religious offering the sales representatives with the remuneration package alone and no salary, this stands as a very negative connotation of the entire payment structure. If for instance a sales representative is unable to find a hit sales lead in a particular period of time, he would not receive both payments at all. It would mean that all his hard work and devotion for the sake of IFP would essentially go to waste. What is burning(prenominal) is to understand how IFP can give its best to its own employees who are indeed receiving nothing at all, to a greater extent so when they are being committed to the company and its stance in essence. There is a noble need to understand how IFPs viewpoint would be taken over by the employees. I do not agree that the em ployees would be on their toes if they receive just the compensation for the sales leads that they bring in instead of the salaries that they should be getting (Weitzul 1993). This is a direct case of meting out differential treatment for the employees because they are being hard done by. Justice needs to be done so that they remain motivate and glued to their respective jobs. The remuneration package used by Mike Dalton might not avail the purpose of the sales representatives and indeed the employees at large because it does not warrant a just policy to meet their most basic needs at work. This should be done away with at the earlier so that the employees might heave a sigh of relief and work to their best effect in the future (Gunsch 1991). The sales team will always be at the mercy of their sales leads and they frankincense know that if they fall short on this count, they would be removed from their jobs and hence their termination would mean a lot of economic problems for not o nly their own selves

Robert Browning and his poetry Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Robert cook and his song - Research Paper ExampleIt would appear that Br haveing was greatly influenced by this review because after Mills criticism, he rarely wrote about his own emotions or used a subjective tone in his poetry. As a teenager, cook was greatly influenced by the poet Percy Shelley. His earliest poetry efforts reflected Shelleys views and style. Shelleys writings inspired Browning to be an disbeliever for a short amount of time. Later he would say that his short-lived atheism was just a phase that he passed through in his life. His first published poem, entitled Pauline A division of Confession was thought to be inspired by a religious music composer named Eliza Flower. (Liukkonen). In 1969, he wrote what is known as his greatest poem, The Ring and the Book, which was a tribute to his wife Elizabeth who had passed away eight historic period before. Brownings first critical praise came after he published Paracelsus in 1835. William Wordsworth and otherwise disti nguished writers praised the poem and thought him a very promising young poet. For the next 30 years, however, a majority of his works were harshly criticized until the late 1860s when he wrote the much praised The Ring and the Book. Later, in 1873, he wrote personnel casualty Cotton Night Cap Country. The Examiner called the work the most useful of all the in effect(p) poems that he has written (Johnson). Brownings Work as a Whole Overall, Brownings poetry could accurately be described as narrative and dramatic. More specifically, his major works are crush described as dramatic soliloquys. A dramatic monologue features a single character narration. The monologue style allows for the audience to judge the narrators worth and the value of what he is saying. Also, the narrator is non generally speaking to the audience in this type of poem but merely musing to themselves. In general, Brownings poetry is difficult to read and understand and, as Encyclopedia Brittanica states, certa in Browning poems take in a considerable acquaintance with their subjects in order to be understood (Brittanica). As mentioned earlier, Browning foregone from the self-conscious tone of his first poem and adopted the narrative structure. He is often known for heavy(a) the poems audience an unanticipated point of view. He also ofttimes uses irony in his poems and is able to shift the focus of his poems as well. Many Christian themes and sentiments can also be spy in Brownings work. His poetry also reflects his changing religious views throughout his life. He frequently deals with the topics of love, faith, and death. Also, his works occasionally reveal his uncertainty and skepticism about religion (Johnson). However, by todays standards they are viewed as quite optimistic as well as spiritual. The rhythm of Brownings poetry is mostly irregular. He employed a wide variety of metrical forms in his writing. He was able to create very interesting rhythms and melodies by using these v aried metrical forms and rhythms. A good illustration of this technique can be observed by reading the following extract from Brownings poem Abt Vogler And one would bury his brow with a blind plunge down to hell, tunnel awhile and build, broad on the roots of things, Then up again swim into sight, having based me my castling well, Founded it, fearless of flame, flat on the nether springs. Browning also wrote

Assignment 2 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

2 - Assignment Example7. The researchers excluded persons from the study who had a history of psychiatric illness. Provide a rationale for excluding these persons. Basically, the experiment was aimed at finding the best treatment for depression. Therefore, having an earlier treatment for psychiatry may affect the results of the experiment.2. What statistics were used to describe the demographic variable Estimated Yearly Family Income in this study? Were these appropriate? trade and the socioeconomic status were used for measuring the yearly family income in this study. However, these were non the appropriate measures.Non parametric statistical analysis techniques are the best fit for education. Parametric tests are done for data whose variances are homogeneous. However, this is not the case for education and therefore, non-parametric tests are best for education.9. Are there significant differences between the intervention and the suppressler groups for any of the variables in Ta ble I? Provide a rationale for your answer. From the table, there are no significant differences between the intervention and the control groups. This is because there are no significant differences in the percentages of the control groups and the intervention group.6. Explain why the number of rack up subjects data in Table 2 is for 859 subjects when the total sample for the study was 869 subjects. The people who had a history of cardiac attacks earlier were excluded from the experiment.This study and its results cannot be extrapolate for the United States. This is because the sample was not representative. The sample was only selected in the rural areas and the sample size was not sufficient, therefore does not reflect the condition in the United States.1. The following list represents the number of treat students enrolled in a particular nursing program between the years of 2001 and 2007, respectively 563, 593, 606, 520, 563, 610, and 577. Determine the mean,

The Spreading Disease of Diabetes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Spreading Disease of Diabetes - examine Example186,300, or 0.22% of population below 20 years of time suffers from diabetes. 0.25% children and adolescents possess type 1 diabetes. Prediabetic individuals in the age range of 12-19 years are around 2 million adolescents (5% pear-shaped adolescents). later on the age of 20 years, 23.5 million, or 10.7% of in all population experience diabetes. 12.2 million, or 23.1% elderly population having age greater than or equal to 60 years suffers from diabetes. 12.0 million, or 11.2% of all men and 11.5 million, or 10.2% of all women aged 20 years or older have diabetes (National Diabetes Statistics, 2007). The certain populations have a higher(prenominal) prevalence of diabetes due to specific genetic traits leading to race and ethnic differences in diabetic evaluate such as 6.6% of non-Hispanic whites, 7.5% of Asian Americans, 11.8% of non-Hispanic blacks, and 10.4% of Hispanics (among Hispanics 8.2% Cubans, 11.9% Mexican Americans, a nd 12.6% Puerto Ricans). Diabetic rates mentioned are after the age of 20 years (National Diabetes Statistics, 2007). Diabetes is broadly classified into two types Type I Diabetes and Type II Diabetes. Type I diabetes is juvenile or insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) and almost 10% of all diabetic cases are dependent on insulin for their survival. other(a) 90% cases display type II diabetes caused due to decreased insulin levels and/or insulin resistance (American Diabetes Association, 2002). Type II diabetes is mainly caused by passive still stressed lifestyle leading to onset of diabetes in obese children and middle aged individuals and also called as and non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) (World Health Organisation, 1999). The genetic as well as environmental factors causes malfunctioning of the insulin functioning or secretion. Normal blood glucose levels are dependent on spread insulin levels, counterregulatory

Should the government bailout failing businesses - Argument aginst Research Paper

Should the government bailout failing businesses - Argument aginst - Research Paper ExampleBut more(prenominal) keen debate of the present finance world is whether the decision of saving (bailing-out) these about-to-be bankrupt companies justified The companies when fell into the affect were within the periphery of private hands and now, when in trouble, saving them with the common mans hard-earned coin drew reservations from all concerned quarters. The money that was paid to the government to develop utility for the society is being used to discount the wrong doings of these financial giants over the years.Prior to getting deeper into the pros and cons of the bail-out process and its affects on the falling companies and the society at large, the underlying reasons of the financial crisis might be assessed in brief. The few of the study reasons of the financial crisis are ascertained belowHousing Prices The housing prices in the United States rose to enormous heights till 200 6 and then suddenly collapsed from then onwards. The collapse was more than 25% and continued for more than three years. As C.I. Jones observed, The national index for housing prices in the United States declined by 26.6% between the eye of 2006 and the end of 2008 (Jones, 2009).Increase in Global Saving Even a decade earlier, it was found that the develop economies of the world saved less and invested more. This rendered them to borrow funds from the world market. But as there occurred add of recessions over the period of last fifteen years, the developing economies commenced to save more. This hampered the western economies (especially United States) as it could not channelise their excess funds and earn interests. Ultimately, the excess funds contributed towards the asset market.Subprime Lending The hype of owning houses that existed in the United States before 2006 made almost all nationals purchase a house which often

Assess critically the contribution Essay Example for Free

Assess hypercritic altogethery the contribution EssayTaylorism is a form of strain design, which stresses short, repetitive hightail it cycles lucubrate, set task sequences a separation of task conception from task execution and want cogitate to pay. Taylor argued that the principal objective of centering should be to secure the maximum successfulness for the employer, coupled with the maximum prosperity for each employee (1911).Fredrick Taylors five principles of scientific trouble 1. A clear division of tasks and responsibilities mingled with circumspection and practiceers. 2. Use of scientific methods to determine the best counsel of doing a job. 3. Scientific selection of the person to do the newly designed job. 4. The training of the selected reckoner to perform the job in the behavior specified. 5. Surveillance of fly the coopers finished with(predicate) the recitation of hierarchies of authority and close supervision. Taylor proposed this by measuring w hat workers did against the clock taken, to develop one best way of operative(a) (1911). By using quantitative methods a workers out vest could be accurately measured.At the time of its inception Taylor put up that firms who introduced scientific management as he prescribed became the worlds most meticulously ar rank fixingsies (Nelson, 1980). Managers are responsible for identifying the best cost efficient work practices and training workers to become highly fatty and affective in their specific work task. Taylor argued that it stands to reason that an employee becomes more productive when working at their intensity level and concluded with stating that there are more benefits gained for both employees and employers from dividing workers. With linking pay to each task performed, Managers can and so control the workforce and output and consistently achieve desired goals. The piece rate pay administrationpays workers in par bothel to number of items each worker has produce d, hence also providing employees with an incentive to work.Henry fordings possibility (Fordism) referring to mass employment in industry (Marcouse, 1996) united the idea of assembly tonal pattern and Taylors theory of division of labour and payment. Fordism focused on dividing jobs into unskilled and semi-skilled tasks. Whilst managers at Ford vehemently opposed any sexual intercourse to Taylorism, it can be said that Fordism retained the faults of Taylorism of an autocratic work environs with little room for creativity as nearly as the benefits of the piece rate system relying on financial motivation.Criticisms of Taylorism1.Assumed that the motivation of the employee was to secure the maximum earnings for the effort expended and neglected the brilliance of other rewards from work (achievement, job satis situationion, recognition), which later research has embed to be important. 2. Neglected the subjective side of work-the item-by-itemistised and interactional aspects of motion, the meaning that employees give to work and the significance to them of their social relationship at work. 3. Failed to appreciate the meaning that workers would put on new procedures ad their reaction to being timed and closely supervised. 4. Had inadequate get a lineing of the relation of the individual incentive to interaction with, and dependence on, the immediate work group. Taylor did attribute underworking to group pressures, but see the way in which these worked. He failed to see that these cogency exclusively as easily keep achievement and morale up. 5. Ignored the psychological needs and capabilities of workers. The one best way of doing a job was chosen with the mechanistic criteria of speed and output. The imposition of a uniform manner of work can both place down individuality and cause other psychological disturbances. 6. Had too simple salute to the question of productivity and morale. It seek to keep both of these up exclusively by economic rewar ds and punishments. Incentive advancementes under the scientific approach tended to focus on the worker as an individual and ignored their social context. Pay system may result in a worker valuing quantity over quality. 7. Functional foremanship was deemed to be too complicated and an unwieldy mode of supervision. (Huczynski, 2013)Ways to alleviate the negative effects of Taylorism especially to worker motivation and carrying out and find new ways to job designs came about following the introduction of the American psychologists Fredrick Hertzberg devil factor theory of motivation. Hertzberg had the idea that there were two sets of factors that affected motivation and job characteristicsMotivators These factors refer to the extent to which a job offers opportunities for achievement, creativity, responsibility, opportunities for ad hominem growth. These are intrinsic to the job itself.Hygiene factors These comprise issue as the spirit of supervision and supervisory style, the l evel of pay, working conditions, and interpersonal relations. These are extrinsic to the job.For Hertzberg it was only the motivator factors that switch the potential to generate satisfaction and motivation. If hygiene factors are alter, they do non result in improved motivation, but if re go, forget result in demotivation.To raise levels of motivation and therefore performance, following Hertzberg theory of motivation, companies needful to ensure that the hygiene factors were in place, and to also ensure that the motivator factors (i.e intrinsic motivators) were incorporated into the jobs. In particular, jobs essential to be designed in such a way that workers could be given opportunities for achievement, responsibility and personal growth.Criticisms of Hertzberg two-factor theoryCan job characteristics fall neatly into two categories of motivators and hygiene factors? Can a job characteristic be both? (Example can pay be a motivator as considerably as a hygiene factor-?)Blu nt and Jones (1992) They point out that some studies from Nigeria have indicated that hygiene factors, in particular pay, supervision and workingconditions, acted as motivators. Machungwa and Schmidt (1983) reported on a study conducted in Zambia and found that material rewards and the physical conditions of work appeared to have both motivating and demotivating effects. This was interpreted by Blunt and Jones in the following way if material rewards were inadequate they were demotivating, but they acted as motivators if they were perceived as reasonable. This appears to directly depart Hertzbergs theory, but Blunt and Jones consider that this is only likely to be the case in less developed countries, as Hertzberg (1987) himself appears also to argue. However, one study does not refute a theory. Hertzberg did his original work on qualified professionals, such as engineers, whereas the people surveyed in the study above were manual workers. This in itself might be enough to account for the difference. In general, we can expect professional or managerial workers over to be more intrinsi confabulatey motivated than manual workers given the different nature of the work that the two groups undertake, but as we shall see the way work is organized may compensate for such differences in the relative interest value of different types of workThe theory is regarded as a Universalistic theory that it will impact all individuals in the same way in all work situations. It does not take into consideration that some people may not have a desire for personal growth, and are therefore unlikely to be motivated by job enrichment initiatives that give them higher levels of autonomy and responsibility.Hertzberg theory was superseded by Richard Hackman and Greg Oldham the Job Characteristics Model which argued in a similar respect to Hertzberg theory, that if jobs are enriched this will lead to improvements in attitudinal outcomes (increased satisfaction and motivation) and impr ovements in behavioral outcomes (higher productivity and lower rates of absenteeism).Three critical psychological statesHackman and Oldham argued that jobs should be designed in such a way that they are focused on the achievement of three critical psychological states Workers must experience work as being in person meaningful-something thatthey care about. Workers must experience personal responsibility for their work- account superpower for their work. Workers must know if their work performance is effective-they must have knowledge of the results of their work activities. If these 3 critical psychological states are achieved, higher levels of satisfaction, motivation and performance will result from the worker.However this theory too has had its criticisms.Current literature now argues the importance and focus on team working, however one should acknowledge that the interest in team working is not something that is new to current times. Autonomous and semi-autonomous work groups were central to earlier theories of the 1960s and 1970s. Team working has now re-emerged as part of the lean production flexible working debates.An American Theorist, Harry Bravemen thesis cognize as the Bravemen thesis argues to counter the popular view in social science and management literature that Taylorism has been superseded by human relations and other more sophisticated approaches that there is in fact a tendency for workers and their jobs to become de-skilled through fragmentation, rationalisation and mechanisation. This argument of deskilling workers and jobs was continued in the context where it became known as McDonalization a term that came about after the publication of a book by Georg Ritz.McDonalisation is a form of work design aimed at achieving efficiency, calculability, predictability and control through non-human technology, to enhance organisational objectives by limiting employee discretion and creativity.He used the term to refer to the processes used at the growing number of fast food restaurants dominating the American market.McDonalds is a modern example of the Taylorised way of work. The tasks are de-skilled and simplified for an employee at McDonalds and bound by thesophisticated technology of fast food preparation. Hamburger grilling instructions are detailed and precise, cooking times and the sequence of events dictated to make a burger. Drinks dispensers, French fry machines, programmed cash registers all limit the amount of time required to carry out a specific task and draw a blank little room for the employee to do as they wish, little room for creativity or innovation to processes. This way of working ensures the aims of the organisation to achieve greatest efficiency, calculability, predictability and control all of the key elements described by the Ritzers Mc get dressedalization.Regardless of the fact that the de-skilling may lead to de-motivated employees, which may result in high absenteeism and high staff turn over its ability to integrate new workers into the production processes and dismiss employees without losing knowledge form the ecesis allows the model to still be successful. Taylorism can also be illustrated in modern day call centres. A case study on a node service call centre hotfoot by two British Companies, Martin Beirne, Kathleen Riach and Fiona Wilson found strong continuities with Taylorism, in relation to work design and operation. They found the work to be pressurized and highly paced with managements focus on productivity and cost minimisation. Most of the jobs were narrowly define and closely monitored. The time duration of each call taken the content of the conversation with each customer and the advise also given to the customer was prescribed (from Beirne et al 2004).But modern day illustrations of Taylorism dont end there. It is also seen in relation to scientific selection training. Weve now moved away from an industrial economy towards a knowledge based econo my where an organisations competitive success depends on its talent. Much effort is devoted by contemporary organisations to select and recruit the right person for a role. Taylorism also placed importance and the introduction of scientific selection criteria by management to do a particular task. In line with his emphasis on scientific approach to selection, Taylor advocates scientific training as he argues that it is only when business systematically cooperate to train the competent manthat it shall be on the road to national efficiency. (Taylor, 1911 p 98). In the context of the knowledgeeconomy, organisations are generally back up to develop employees skills and knowledge.Now one of the very first requirements of man who is to handle pig iron as a regular occupation is that he shall be so stupid and so phlegmatic that he more nearly resembles in his mental make-up the ox than any other type. The man who is mentally alert and intelligent is for this very reason entirely unsuited to what would, for him, be the grinding monotony of work to this character. Therefore the work man who is best suited to handling pig iron is unable to understand the real science of doing this class of work. (Taylor 1911/1997 pg 59)The task is always so regulated that the man who is well suited to his job will thrive while working at this rate during a persistent term of years and grow happier and more prosperous, instead of being overworked. (Taylor 1911)Thus scientific management matched the worker to the job and in the process separated the conceptualization of work from its execution. It also provided safeguards against personal bias and individual favoritism, which is something that can still be applied to the current context of contemporary organisations.Taylorism is also found in the Saudi Educational system, for example metaphorically describing students as the raw material of schools controlling the movement of teachers students through class bells conceiving of the cur riculum as a product dividing students into grades or dividing curriculum into units and individual lessons describing the school facilities as a plant are a result of a factory model schooling that has its root in the adoption of scientific management principles by learningal administrators.Contemporary schools in Saudi are still largely processd with its teaching and learning deeply rooted in scientific management as seen with the following1. Schools are large and bureaucratized.2. Students change teachers all(prenominal) year.3. Teachers plan and teach alone.4. Curriculum is fragmented.5. Tracking students by ability levels.6. Deskilling of teachers through alignment of teaching mandated curriculum and standardized tests.7. Emphasis on monitoring / watchfulness bureaucratic activity-scripted curriculum and scripted tests.Taylorism does not permit autonomy in work. Input by production workers in the organisation, planning, and direction of the manufacturing process was not all owed, requiring workers to do exactly what they were told to do and no more. This authoritarian approach to work can been illustrated in the schooling That students are excluded from the planning, organisation and direction of the educational process. De-skilling of the teachers as their work is conceptualised by others (Ministry of Education who agrees the standard curriculum to be used in schools) and oblige by the bureaucratic outcome of accountability systems implemented in schools. The other way that Taylorism continues to influence the education system is through the use of individual rewards for individual effort (example the focus on a students individual test results). Taylor developed wage-incentive schemes emphasizing piecework and historically assembly line foremen attempted to stop any fall apart of worker interaction.Elton Mayo who introduced pitying Relations theory based on his research at the Hawthorne galvanic factory was to see how productivity will improve if the lighting condition changes and he followed Taylors scientific principles by testing the changes against a control, with part of the factory lighting being unchanged, (Kelly 1982). This lead him to conduct merely experiments which vast doubts on Taylors assumptions about the importance of money in motivation (Marcouse, 1996). According to Huczynski and Buchan, the conclusions which can be drawn from Hawthorne studies are 1. People at work are motivated by more than just pay and conditions. 2. Their need for recognition and sense of belonging are very important. 3. A persons attitude to work is shaped strongly by the group in which that individualbelongs within the company. 4. The ability of the informal group or clique to motivate an individual at work should not be underestimated. (Huczynski and Buchanan 1991).Another contributor to the Human Relations approach is Abraham Harold Maslow, an American psychologist who was best known for creating Maslows hierarchy of needs. They r ange from physical social to psychological needs.Maslow (1943, 1954) stated that human motivation is based on people desire fulfilment and change through personal growth. Self-actualized people as those who were fulfilled and doing all they were capable of.The Human Relations models have changed management and how workers are in fact valuable employees and stakeholders of an organisation.The key difference between scientific management and the human relations model is highlighted when analysing the motivational techniques to increase productivity. Scientific management emphasises the use of financial measures in order to secure employers objectives whereas the human relations model argues that management should acquire the discernment into the skills that will manipulate social factors in order to harness their employees social needs to managerial ends (Fincham Rhodes, 1999).Thus, behavioural science motivation theories in combination with the humanistic theories of management, have added to Taylors principles and allowed for contemporary organizations to succeed where scientific management alone failed.Taylorism was an influential management theory of the late nineteenth century. Despite its relevance to its time the influence can still be seen in todays twenty first century educational institutes, service field and the manufacturing industries.Though there are limitations to his method, this principle has a considerable profound and lasting influence to all contemporary organizations because ofTaylors preoccupation with the efficient use of resources. This philosophy can almost apply to every organization, despite its work structure, such as structures of team working or job enrichment one of the last-ditch goals should be improve efficiency.As Braverman says, the principle of scientific management is not a failed system, but a set of guiding principles which continue to inform and influence the role and function of modern management. just about of th e methods he advocates, such as division of labour, scientific selection and training, have become the features of modern society. more(prenominal) primarily, as efficiency is one of the enduring needs of all organizations, his preoccupation with the efficient use of resources thusly becomes the driving force behind the evolution of subsequent management theories and the root of management practice.ReferencesHuczynski, A. and Buchanan, D Organisational Behaviour. ordinal Edition. Pearson 2013.Huczynski, A. and Buchanan, D.,1991. Organizational behaviour An Introductory Text. 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